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to trade places with sb

  • 1 trade

    trade [treɪd]
    1. noun
       a. ( = commerce) commerce m ; (illegal) trafic m
    • they do a lot of trade with... ils font beaucoup d'affaires avec...
       b. ( = job, skill) métier m
       c. ( = swap) échange m
       a. [country] faire du commerce (in de)
       b. [currency, commodity] to be trading at se négocier à
       c. ( = exchange) échanger
    ► Trade Descriptions Act noun (British) loi protégeant les consommateurs contre la publicité et les appellations mensongères
    ► trade-off noun ( = exchange) échange m ; (balancing) compromis m
    [+ car, television] obtenir une reprise pour
    ( = exchange)
    * * *
    [treɪd] 1.
    1) ( activity) commerce m
    2) ( sector of industry) industrie f
    3) ( profession) ( manual) métier m; ( intellectual) profession f
    2.
    noun modifier [ route, agreement, balance, deficit] commercial; [ sanctions, embargo] économique; [ association, journal] professionnel/-elle; [ barrier] douanier/-ière
    3.
    transitive verb échanger
    4.
    intransitive verb Commerce faire du commerce

    to trade at $10 — Finance s'échanger à $10

    to trade on — fig exploiter [name, reputation, image]

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-French dictionary > trade

  • 2 trade

    treid
    1. noun
    1) (the buying and selling of goods: Japan does a lot of trade with Britain.) comercio
    2) ((a) business, occupation, or job: He's in the jewellery trade.) negocio; industria

    2. verb
    1) ((often with in or with) to buy and sell: They made a lot of money by trading; They trade in fruit and vegetables.) comerciar
    2) (to exchange: I traded my watch for a bicycle.) cambiar
    •
    - trademark
    - tradename
    - tradesman
    - trades union
    - trade union
    - trades unionist
    - trade unionist
    - trade wind
    - trade in
    trade1 n
    1. comercio
    2. oficio
    3. negocio / ramo
    trade2 vb comerciar
    tr[treɪd]
    1 (commerce) comercio
    2 (business) negocio; (industry) industria
    3 (occupation) oficio, profesión nombre femenino
    1 comercial
    1 (do business) comerciar
    1 (exchange) cambiar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to do a good/brisk/roaring trade in something hacer un gran negocio con algo, vender algo como pan caliente
    trade cycle ciclo comercial
    trade deficit / trade gap déficit nombre masculino comercial
    trade discount descuento comercial
    trade fair feria de muestras
    trade name nombre nombre masculino comercial
    trade price precio al por mayor
    trade secret secreto industrial
    trade union sindicato, gremio obrero
    trade unionism sindicalismo
    trade ['treɪd] v, traded ; trading vi
    : comerciar, negociar
    trade vt
    exchange: intercambiar, canjear
    1) occupation: oficio m, profesión f, ocupación f
    a carpenter by trade: carpintero de oficio
    2) commerce: comercio m, industria f
    free trade: libre comercio
    the book trade: la industria del libro
    3) exchange: intercambio m, canje m
    v.
    • cambiar v.
    • comerciar v.
    • girar v.
    • mercadear v.
    • traficar v.
    • trocar v.
    n.
    • canje s.m.
    • clientela s.f.
    • comercio s.m.
    • contratación s.f.
    • industria s.f.
    • mercancía s.f.
    • negocio s.m.
    • oficio s.m.
    • traficante s.m.,f.
    • trueque s.m.
    • tráfago s.m.
    • tráfico s.m.
    treɪd
    I
    1)
    a) u (buying, selling) comercio m

    domestic/foreign trade — comercio interior/exterior

    they were doing a roaring o brisk trade in umbrellas — estaban haciendo un gran negocio con los paraguas; (before n)

    trade agreement — acuerdo m comercial

    trade barrier — barrera f arancelaria

    trade deficit o gap — déficit m en la balanza comercial

    b) u (business, industry) industria f

    the hotel trade — la hotelería, la industria hotelera

    c) c ( skilled occupation) oficio m
    e) u ( customers)
    2)
    a) ( exchange)

    I'll make o do a trade with you — te lo/la cambio

    b) ( of players) (AmE Sport) traspaso m
    c) ( player) (AmE Sport) jugador traspasado, jugadora traspasada m,f

    II
    1.
    a) (buy, sell) comerciar

    the company has ceased trading — la compañía ha dejado de operar, la compañía ha cerrado

    to trade under the name of... — operar bajo el nombre de...

    b) ( exchange) hacer* un cambio or un canje

    2.
    vt
    a) \<\<blows/insults/secrets\>\> intercambiar

    to trade something FOR something — cambiar or canjear algo por algo

    to trade something WITH somebody — (AmE) cambiarle algo a alguien

    b) (AmE Sport) \<\<player\>\> traspasar
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [treɪd]
    1. N
    1) (=buying and selling) comercio m

    domestic/foreign/world trade — comercio m interior/exterior/internacional

    • to do trade with sb — comerciar con algn

    to do a good or brisk or roaring trade (in sth) — (Brit) hacer (un) buen negocio (con algo)

    • all trade in ivory is banned — el comercio de todo tipo de or con marfil está prohibido

    to be in trade — † ser comerciante

    2) (=industry) industria f

    the tourist trade — el turismo, el sector turístico

    3) (=profession, occupation) oficio m

    • he's a butcher by trade — es carnicero de oficio

    • known in the trade as... — conocido en el gremio como...

    as we/they say in the trade — como decimos/dicen en el oficio

    tool, trick
    4) (=people in trade)

    to sell to the trade — vender al por mayor or (LAm) al mayoreo

    5) (=clientele) clientela f

    • passing trade — clientela f de paso

    • he hires boats out for the tourist trade — alquila barcas a los turistas

    6) (esp US) (=exchange) cambio m

    • it was fair trade — fue un cambio justo

    • I'm willing to do or make a trade with you — estoy dispuesto a hacerte un cambio or a hacer un cambio contigo

    2.
    VT (esp US) (=exchange) [+ goods] cambiar; [+ blows, insults, jokes] intercambiar

    • to trade sth for sth — cambiar algo por algo

    • to trade sth with sb — intercambiar algo con algn

    managers traded places with cleaners for a day — los gerentes y el personal de limpieza se cambiaron los trabajos por un día

    3. VI
    1) (=do business) comerciar

    • to cease trading — cerrar

    • to trade in sth — comerciar con algo

    to trade in ivory/hardware — comerciar con marfil/artículos de ferretería

    • he trades under a business name — opera con un nombre comercial

    • to trade with sb — comerciar con algn

    2) (=exchange) (esp US) hacer un cambio
    3) (=sell) [currency, shares] cotizarse (at a)
    4.
    CPD

    trade agreement N — acuerdo m comercial, convenio m comercial

    trade association N — asociación f gremial, asociación f mercantil

    trade balance N — balanza f comercial

    trade barriers NPL — barreras fpl arancelarias

    trade deficit N — déficit m comercial

    Trade Descriptions Act N — (Brit) ley f de protección al consumidor

    trade discount N — descuento m comercial

    trade embargo N — embargo m comercial

    trade fair N — feria f de muestras, feria f comercial

    trade figures NPL — estadísticas fpl comerciales

    trade gap N — déficit m comercial

    trade journal N — revista f especializada

    trade magazine N — = trade journal

    trade name N — nombre m comercial

    trade price N — precio m al por mayor, precio m de mayoreo (LAm)

    trade restrictions NPL — restricciones fpl comerciales

    trade route N — ruta f comercial

    trade sanctions NPL — sanciones fpl comerciales

    trade secret N — secreto m comercial; (fig) secreto m profesional

    trades union N — = trade union

    Trades Union Congress N — (Brit) Federación f de los Sindicatos

    trade surplus N — balanza f comercial favorable, superávit m (en balanza) comercial

    trade talks NPL — negociaciones fpl comerciales

    trade unionist N — sindicalista mf, miembro mf de un sindicato

    trade union leader N — líder mf sindicalista

    trade union movement N — movimiento m sindical, movimiento m sindicalista

    trade war N — guerra f comercial

    trade winds NPL — vientos mpl alisios

    * * *
    [treɪd]
    I
    1)
    a) u (buying, selling) comercio m

    domestic/foreign trade — comercio interior/exterior

    they were doing a roaring o brisk trade in umbrellas — estaban haciendo un gran negocio con los paraguas; (before n)

    trade agreement — acuerdo m comercial

    trade barrier — barrera f arancelaria

    trade deficit o gap — déficit m en la balanza comercial

    b) u (business, industry) industria f

    the hotel trade — la hotelería, la industria hotelera

    c) c ( skilled occupation) oficio m
    e) u ( customers)
    2)
    a) ( exchange)

    I'll make o do a trade with you — te lo/la cambio

    b) ( of players) (AmE Sport) traspaso m
    c) ( player) (AmE Sport) jugador traspasado, jugadora traspasada m,f

    II
    1.
    a) (buy, sell) comerciar

    the company has ceased trading — la compañía ha dejado de operar, la compañía ha cerrado

    to trade under the name of... — operar bajo el nombre de...

    b) ( exchange) hacer* un cambio or un canje

    2.
    vt
    a) \<\<blows/insults/secrets\>\> intercambiar

    to trade something FOR something — cambiar or canjear algo por algo

    to trade something WITH somebody — (AmE) cambiarle algo a alguien

    b) (AmE Sport) \<\<player\>\> traspasar
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > trade

  • 3 trade

    1. noun
    1) (line of business) Gewerbe, das

    the wool/furniture/hotel trade — die Woll-/Möbel-/Hotelbranche

    the retail/wholesale trade — der Einzel-/Großhandel

    he's a butcher/lawyer/baker etc. by trade — er ist von Beruf Metzger / Rechtsanwalt / Bäcker usw.

    2) no pl., no indef. art (commerce) Handel, der

    be bad/good for trade — schlecht/gut fürs Geschäft sein

    foreign trade — Außenhandel, der

    3) no pl. (business done) Geschäft, das; (between countries) Handel, der

    do a good/roaring trade [in something] — ein gutes Geschäft/ein Riesengeschäft [mit etwas] machen

    4) (craft) Handwerk, das
    5) no pl., no indef. art. (persons)
    6) in pl. (Meteorol.) Passat, der
    2. intransitive verb
    1) (buy and sell) Handel treiben

    trade as a wholesale/retail dealer — ein Großhandels- / Einzelhandelsgeschäft betreiben

    trade in something — in od. mit etwas (Dat.) handeln

    2) (have an exchange) tauschen
    3. transitive verb
    1) tauschen; austauschen [Waren, Grüße, Informationen, Geheimnisse]; sich (Dat.) sagen [Beleidigungen]
    2)

    trade an old car etc. for a new one — einen alten Wagen usw. für einen neuen in Zahlung geben

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/92845/trade_in">trade in
    - trade off
    - trade on
    - trade up
    - trade upon
    * * *
    [treid] 1. noun
    1) (the buying and selling of goods: Japan does a lot of trade with Britain.) der Handel
    2) ((a) business, occupation, or job: He's in the jewellery trade.) das Gewerbe
    2. verb
    1) ((often with in or with) to buy and sell: They made a lot of money by trading; They trade in fruit and vegetables.) handeln
    2) (to exchange: I traded my watch for a bicycle.) tauschen
    •
    - trader
    - trademark
    - tradename
    - tradesman
    - trades union
    - trade union
    - trades unionist
    - trade unionist
    - trade wind
    - trade in
    * * *
    [treɪd]
    I. n
    1. no pl (buying and selling) Handel m (in/with mit + dat)
    the balance of \trade die Handelsbilanz
    managed \trade kontrollierter Handel
    2. no pl (business activity) Umsatz m
    3. (type of business) Branche f, Gewerbe nt
    building \trade Baugewerbe nt
    fur \trade Pelzgeschäft nt
    4. no pl (particular business)
    ▪ the \trade die Branche
    the rules of the \trade die Regeln der Branche
    5. (handicraft) Handwerk nt
    he's a carpenter by \trade er ist Schreiner von Beruf
    ▪ to be in \trade BRIT ( esp pej dated) Handwerker/Handwerkerin sein
    to learn a \trade ein Handwerk erlernen
    6. esp AM (swap) Tauschgeschäft nt
    it's a \trade abgemacht!
    to take/give sth in \trade etw zum Tausch nehmen/geben
    7. AM SPORT (transfer) Transfer m
    ▪ the \trades pl der Passat
    II. n modifier (enquiry, mission) Handels-
    III. vi
    1. (exchange goods) tauschen
    ▪ to \trade with sb mit jdm tauschen
    2. (do business) Geschäfte machen
    to \trade in oil/luxury goods/tobacco mit Öl/Luxusgütern/Tabak Handel betreiben
    3. STOCKEX (be bought and sold) handeln
    shares in the company \traded actively Firmenaktien wurden lebhaft gehandelt
    4. (use)
    ▪ to \trade on [or upon] sth etw ausnutzen
    IV. vt
    ▪ to \trade sth [for sth] etw [durch etw akk] austauschen
    I wouldn't \trade you for the world ich würde dich für nichts auf der Welt eintauschen
    I'll \trade you some of my chocolate for some of your ice cream ich gebe dir etwas von meiner Schokolade für etwas von deinem Eis
    to \trade bets Wetten abschließen
    to \trade places [with sb] [mit jdm] den Platz tauschen
    to \trade stories/insults/punches Geschichten/Beleidigungen/Schläge austauschen
    to \trade commodity futures/options/shares mit Warentermingeschäften/Optionen/Aktien handeln
    to \trade a football player einen Fußballspieler verkaufen
    * * *
    [treɪd]
    1. n
    1) (= commerce) Handel m, Gewerbe nt; (= hotel trade, catering trade) Gewerbe nt; (= turnover of shop, hotel etc) die Geschäfte pl

    he used to be in trade — er war Geschäftsmann

    2) (= line of business) Branche f, Geschäftszweig m

    he's in the wool trade —

    he's in the trade — er ist in der Branche, er ist vom Fach

    as we call it in the trade — wie es in unserer Branche heißt

    3) (= job) Handwerk nt
    4) (= people) Geschäftsleute pl, Branche f

    special terms for the trade — Vergünstigungen pl für Leute aus der Branche

    5) (= exchange) Tauschgeschäft nt, Tauschhandel m
    6) pl (GEOG) der Passat
    2. vt
    tauschen

    to trade places (with sb) (lit) — (mit jdm) die Plätze wechseln; (fig) (mit jdm) tauschen

    3. vi
    1) (COMM) Handel treiben, handeln
    2) (US inf) einkaufen ( at bei)
    4. adv
    * * *
    trade [treıd]
    A s
    1. WIRTSCH Handel m, (Handels)Verkehr m
    2. WIRTSCH Geschäft n:
    a) Geschäftszweig m, Branche f
    b) (Einzel-, Groß) Handel m
    c) Geschäftslage f, -gewinn m:
    be in trade bes Br Geschäftsmann oder -frau oder (Einzel)Händler(in) sein;
    she does a good trade sie macht gute Geschäfte;
    good (bad) for trade handels(un)günstig;
    “we sell to the trade” „Abgabe an Einzelhändler oder Wiederverkäufer“
    3. the trade WIRTSCH
    a) die Geschäftswelt,
    b) die Kundschaft
    4. Gewerbe n, Beruf m, Handwerk n, Branche f, Metier n:
    he’s a baker by trade er ist Bäcker von Beruf;
    everyone to their trade jeder, wie er es gelernt hat;
    two of a trade never agree (Sprichwort) zwei vom gleichen Gewerbe sind sich niemals einig;
    know one’s trade seinen Beruf beherrschen, sein Handwerk verstehen;
    the trade of war fig das Kriegshandwerk
    5. Zunft f, Gilde f:
    it is only of interest to the trade es ist nur für Fachleute interessant
    6. sl Sexualpartner m oder pl (eines Homosexuellen)
    7. obs (An)Gewohnheit f
    B v/i
    1. (aus)tauschen ( for gegen):
    trade places die Plätze tauschen ( with mit);
    I wouldn’t trade places with him fig ich möchte nicht mit ihm tauschen
    2. trade blows aufeinander einschlagen;
    trade insults sich gegenseitig Beleidigungen an den Kopf werfen
    3. trade off ausgleichen, wettmachen ( beide:
    against durch)
    4. etwas trade in in Zahlung geben ( for für)
    C v/i
    1. a) Handel treiben ( with mit)
    b) in Geschäftsbeziehungen stehen ( with mit)
    c) handeln ( in sth mit einer Sache)
    2. trade (up)on etwas ausnutzen, Kapital schlagen aus
    3. trade down (up) bes US sich (durch einen Tausch etc) verschlechtern (verbessern)
    4. US
    a) Kunde sein, (ein)kaufen ( with bei jemandem)
    b) (ein)kaufen (at in einem Laden)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (line of business) Gewerbe, das

    the wool/furniture/hotel trade — die Woll-/Möbel-/Hotelbranche

    the retail/wholesale trade — der Einzel-/Großhandel

    he's a butcher/lawyer/baker etc. by trade — er ist von Beruf Metzger / Rechtsanwalt / Bäcker usw.

    2) no pl., no indef. art (commerce) Handel, der

    be bad/good for trade — schlecht/gut fürs Geschäft sein

    foreign trade — Außenhandel, der

    3) no pl. (business done) Geschäft, das; (between countries) Handel, der

    do a good/roaring trade [in something] — ein gutes Geschäft/ein Riesengeschäft [mit etwas] machen

    4) (craft) Handwerk, das
    5) no pl., no indef. art. (persons)
    6) in pl. (Meteorol.) Passat, der
    2. intransitive verb
    1) (buy and sell) Handel treiben

    trade as a wholesale/retail dealer — ein Großhandels- / Einzelhandelsgeschäft betreiben

    trade in something — in od. mit etwas (Dat.) handeln

    2) (have an exchange) tauschen
    3. transitive verb
    1) tauschen; austauschen [Waren, Grüße, Informationen, Geheimnisse]; sich (Dat.) sagen [Beleidigungen]
    2)

    trade an old car etc. for a new one — einen alten Wagen usw. für einen neuen in Zahlung geben

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (deal) in expr.
    hadeln mit (einer Ware) v. (for) v.
    eintauschen (für) v. v.
    Handel treiben ausdr.
    handeln (mit) v.
    schachern mit etwas ausdr. n.
    Beruf -e m.
    Geschäft -e n.
    Handel - m.
    Handwerk -e n.

    English-german dictionary > trade

  • 4 trade

    [treɪd] n
    1) no pl ( buying and selling) Handel m (in/ with mit +dat);
    the balance of \trade die Handelsbilanz
    2) no pl ( business activity) Umsatz m
    3) ( type of business) Branche f;
    building \trade Baugewerbe nt;
    fur \trade Pelzgeschäft nt
    the \trade die Branche;
    the rules of the \trade die Regeln der Branche
    5) ( handicraft) Handwerk nt;
    he's a carpenter by \trade er ist Schreiner von Beruf;
    to be in \trade ( Brit) ( esp pej) (dated) Handwerker(in) m(f) sein;
    to learn a \trade ein Handwerk erlernen
    6) ( esp Am) ( swap) Tauschgeschäft nt;
    it's a \trade abgemacht!;
    to take/give sth in \trade etw zum Tausch nehmen/geben
    7) (Am) sports ( transfer) Transfer m
    the \trades pl der Passat n
    modifier (enquiry, mission) Handels- vi
    1) ( exchange goods) tauschen;
    to \trade with sb mit jdm tauschen
    2) ( do business) Geschäfte machen;
    to \trade in oil/ luxury goods/ tobacco mit Öl/Luxusgütern/Tabak Handel betreiben
    shares in the company \traded actively Firmenaktien wurden lebhaft gehandelt
    4) ( use)
    to \trade on [or upon] sth etw ausnutzen vt
    1) ( exchange)
    to \trade sth [for sth] etw [durch etw akk] austauschen;
    I wouldn't \trade you for the world ich würde dich für nichts auf der Welt eintauschen;
    I'll \trade you some of my chocolate for some of your ice cream ich gebe dir etwas von meiner Schokolade für etwas von deinem Eis;
    to \trade bets Wetten abschließen;
    to \trade places [with sb] [mit jdm] den Platz tauschen;
    to \trade stories/ insults/ punches Geschichten/Beleidigungen/Schläge austauschen
    to \trade commodity futures/ options/ shares mit Warentermingeschäften/Optionen/Aktien handeln
    3) (Am) sports ( transfer)
    to \trade a football player einen Fußballspieler verkaufen

    English-German students dictionary > trade

  • 5 place

    A n
    1 (location, position) endroit m ; to move from place to place se déplacer d'un endroit à l'autre ; I hope this is the right place j'espère que c'est le bon endroit ; we've come to the wrong place nous nous sommes trompés d'endroit ; the best place to buy sth le meilleur endroit pour acheter qch ; same time, same place même heure, même endroit ; in many places dans de nombreux endroits ; in places [hilly, damaged, worn] par endroits ; her leg had been stung in several places elle avait été piquée à la jambe à plusieurs endroits ; a place for un endroit pour [meeting, party, monument, office] ; a place to do un endroit pour faire ; a safe place to hide un endroit sûr pour se cacher ; a good place to plant roses un bon endroit pour planter des roses ; a place where un endroit où ; it's no place for a child! ce n'est pas un endroit pour un enfant! ; the perfect place for a writer l'endroit or le lieu idéal pour un écrivain ; this is the place for me! c'est le rêve ici! ; if you need peace and quiet, then this is not the place! si tu veux être tranquille, alors ce n'est pas l'endroit rêvé! ; to be in the right place at the right time être là où il faut quand il le faut ; to be in two places at once être au four et au moulin, être partout à la fois ; not here, of all places! surtout pas ici! ; in Oxford, of all places! à Oxford, figure-toi! ;
    2 (town, hotel etc) endroit m ; a nice/strange place to live un endroit agréable/bizarre pour vivre ; a good place to eat une bonne adresse (pour manger) ; we stayed at a place on the coast nous étions sur la côte ; a little place called… un petit village du nom de… ; in a place like Kent/Austria dans une région comme le Kent/un pays comme l'Autriche ; this place is filthy! cet endroit est dégoûtant! ; he threatened to burn the place down ○ il a menacé d'y mettre le feu ; to be seen in all the right places se montrer dans les lieux qui comptent ; all over the place ( everywhere) partout ; fig ○ [speech, lecture] complètement décousu ; your hair is all over the place ○ ! tu es complètement décoiffé! ;
    3 ( for specific purpose) place of birth/work/pilgrimage lieu m de naissance/travail/pèlerinage ; place of residence domicile m ; place of refuge refuge m ;
    4 ( home) ( house) maison f ; ( apartment) appartement m ; David's place chez David ; a place by the sea une maison au bord de la mer ; a place of one's own un endroit à soi ; your place or mine? chez toi ou chez moi? ;
    5 (seat, space) (on bus, at table, in queue) place f ; ( setting) couvert m ; to keep a place garder une place (for pour) ; to find/lose one's place trouver/perdre sa place ; to show sb to his/her place conduire qn à sa place ; please take your places veuillez prendre place ; I couldn't find a place to park je n'ai pas trouvé de place pour me garer ; to lay ou set a place for sb mettre un couvert pour qn ; is this place taken? cette place est-elle prise? ;
    6 (on team, with firm) place f (on dans) ; (on committee, board) siège m (on au sein de) ; a place as une place comme [au pair, cook, cleaner] ;
    7 GB Univ place f (at à) ; to get a place on obtenir une place dans [course] ; she got a place on the fashion design course elle a obtenu une place en cours de stylisme ; she has a place on a carpentry course elle a été acceptée pour suivre des cours de menuiserie ;
    8 lit (in competition, race) place f ; to finish in first place terminer premier/-ière or à la première place ; he backed Red Rum for a place Turf il a joué Red Rum placé ; to take second place fig ( in importance) passer au deuxième plan ; to take second place to sth passer après qch ; to relegate sth to second place faire passer qch en second ;
    9 (in argument, analysis) in the first place ( firstly) en premier lieu ; ( at the outset) pour commencer ; how much money did we have in the first place? combien d'argent avions-nous pour commencer? ;
    10 ( correct position) to put sth in place mettre qch en place [fencing, construction] ; to push sth back into place remettre qch en place ; to return sth to its place remettre qch à sa place ; everything is in its place tout est bien à sa place ; to hold sth in place maintenir qch en place ; when the lever is in place quand le levier est engagé ; is the lid in place? est-ce que le couvercle est mis? ; in place [law, system, scheme] en place ; to put sth in place mettre qch en place [scheme, system, regime] ;
    11 ( rank) sb's/sth's place in la place de qn/qch dans [world, society, history, politics] ; to take one's place in society prendre sa place dans la société ; to put sb in his/her place remettre qn à sa place ; to know one's place rester à sa place ;
    12 ( role) it's not my place to do ce n'est pas à moi de faire ; to fill sb's place remplacer qn ; to take sb's place, take the place of sb prendre la place de qn ; to have no place in n'avoir aucune place dans [organization, philosophy, creed] ; there is a place for someone like her in this company il y a une place pour une femme comme elle dans cette entreprise ; there are places for people like you ○ ! fig péj ça se soigne ○ ! ;
    13 ( situation) in my/his place à ma/sa place ; in your place, I'd have done the same à ta place, j'aurais fait la même chose ; to change ou trade places with sb changer de place avec qn ;
    14 ( moment) moment m ; in places [funny, boring, silly] par moments ; this is not the place to do ce n'est pas le moment de faire ; this is a good place to begin c'est un bon moment pour commencer ; there were places in the film where… il y avait des moments dans le film où… ;
    15 ( in book) (in paragraph, speech) to mark one's place marquer sa page ; to lose/find one's place ( in book) perdre/retrouver sa page ; (in paragraph, speech) perdre/retrouver le fil ;
    16 ○ US ( unspecified location) some place quelque part ; no place nulle part ; he had no place to go il n'avait nulle part où aller ; he always wants to go places with us il veut toujours venir avec nous ; she goes places on her bicycle elle se déplace à bicyclette.
    B out of place adj phr [remark, behaviour] déplacé ; [language, tone] inapproprié ; to look out of place [building, person] détonner ; to feel out of place ne pas se sentir à l'aise.
    C in place of prep phr à la place de [person, object] ; X is playing in place of Y X remplace Y ; he spoke in my place il a parlé à ma place.
    D vtr
    1 lit ( put carefully) placer ; ( arrange) disposer ; place the cucumber slices around the edge of the plate disposez les rondelles de concombre autour de l'assiette ; she placed the vase in the middle of the table elle a placé le vase au milieu de la table ; place the smaller bowl inside the larger one mets le petit bol dans le grand ; to place sth back on remettre qch sur [shelf, table] ; to place sth in the correct order mettre qch dans le bon ordre ;
    2 ( locate) placer ; to be strategically/awkwardly placed être bien/mal placé ; the switch had been placed too high l'interrupteur avait été placé trop haut ;
    3 ( using service) to place an advertisement in the paper mettre une annonce dans le journal ; to place an order for sth passer une commande pour qch ; to place a bet parier, faire un pari (on sur) ;
    4 fig ( put) to place emphasis on sth mettre l'accent sur qch ; to place one's trust in sb/sth placer sa confiance en qn/qch ; to place sb in a difficult situation/in a dilemma mettre qn dans une situation difficile/devant un dilemme ; to place sb at risk faire courir des risques à qn ; to place the blame on sb rejeter toute la faute sur qn ; two propositions were placed before those present deux propositions ont été soumises aux personnes présentes ;
    5 ( rank) ( in competition) classer ; ( in exam) GB classer ; to be placed third [horse, athlete] arriver troisième ;
    6 ( judge) juger ; to be placed among the top scientists of one's generation être jugé comme un des plus grands scientifiques de sa génération ; where would you place him in relation to his colleagues? comment le jugeriez-vous par rapport à ses collègues? ;
    7 ( identify) situer [person] ; reconnaître [accent] ; I can't place his face je ne le reconnais pas ;
    8 ( find home for) placer [child] ;
    9 Admin (send, appoint) placer [student, trainee] (in dans) ; to place sb in charge of staff/a project confier la direction du personnel/d'un projet à qn ; to be placed in quarantine être placé en quarantaine.
    1 gen ( situated) to be well placed être bien placé (to do pour faire) ; he is not well placed to judge il est mal placé pour juger ; she is well/better placed to speak on this subject elle est bien/mieux placée pour parler de ce sujet ;
    2 Sport, Turf to be placed [horse] GB être placé ; US terminer en deuxième position.
    that young man is really going places ○ voilà un jeune homme qui ira loin ; to have friends in high places avoir des amis haut placés ; corruption in high places la corruption en haut lieu ; to fall ou click ou fit into place devenir clair ; ⇒ take place (take).

    Big English-French dictionary > place

  • 6 cambio

    Del verbo cambiar: ( conjugate cambiar) \ \
    cambio es: \ \
    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    cambió es: \ \
    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
    Multiple Entries: cambiar     cambio
    cambiar ( conjugate cambiar) verbo transitivo 1
    a) (alterar, modificar) ‹horario/imagen/persona› to change
    b) (de lugar, posición):
    cambié las flores de florero I put the flowers in a different vase
    c) ( reemplazar) ‹pieza/fecha/sábanas› to change;
    cambiole el nombre a algo to change the name of sth
    d) ‹niño/bebé› to change
    e) (Fin) to change;
    cambié 100 libras a or (Esp) en dólares I changed 100 pounds into dollars 2 ( canjear) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE); cambio algo por algo ‹sellos/estampas› to swap o (esp AmE) trade sth for sth; ‹ compra› to exchange o change sth for sth;
    ◊ ¿quieres que te cambie el lugar? do you want me to swap o change places with you?
    verbo intransitivo
    a) [ciudad/persona] to change;
    le está cambiando la voz his voice is breaking
    b) (Auto) to change gear
    d) cambio de algo ‹de tema/canal/color› to change sth;
    cambio de sentido to make (AmE) o (BrE) do a U-turn cambiarse verbo pronominal
    b) ( refl) ‹camisa/nombre/peinado› to change;
    cambiose de algo ‹de camisa/zapatos› to change sth; cambiose de casa to move house; cámbiate de camisa change your shirt
    c) cambiose por algn to change places with sb
    d) ( recípr) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE)

    cambio sustantivo masculino 1 cambio de algo ‹de planes/domicilio› change of sth; un cambio de aire(s) or ambiente a change of scene
    b) (Auto) gearshift (AmE), gear change (BrE);
    cambio de sentido U-turn 2 ( on signs) no se admiten cambios goods cannot be exchanged
    b) ( en locs)
    en cambio: el viaje en autobús es agotador, en cambio en tren es muy agradable the bus journey is exhausting; by train however o on the other hand is very pleasant 3 ¿a cómo está el cambio? what's the exchange rate?; ( on signs) cambio bureau de change, change
    cambiar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to change
    2 (cromos, etc) to swap, (en un comercio) exchange
    3 (un tipo de moneda por otro) to change
    II verbo intransitivo to change
    cambiar de casa, to move (house)
    cambiar de idea, to change one's mind
    cambiar de sitio, to move
    cambiar de trabajo, to get another job
    cambiar de velocidad, to change gear
    cambio sustantivo masculino
    1 change (de opinión) shift
    un cambio de impresiones, an exchange of opinions
    2 (del dinero) change: ¿tienes cambio de cinco mil?, have you got change for five thousand?
    3 Fin (de la moneda extranjera) exchange (de unas acciones) price
    4 Auto gear change
    cambio automático, automatic transmission
    cambio de rasante, brow of a hill Locuciones: a cambio de, in exchange for
    a las primeras de cambio, at the firsl opportunity
    en cambio, on the other hand: él es muy engreído, en cambio ella es muy dulce, he's really conceited; on the other hand she is very sweet ' cambio' also found in these entries: Spanish: abrupta - abrupto - aguantar - aire - alteración - apreciarse - benéfica - benéfico - biombo - brutal - desplazamiento - experimentar - girar - imponerse - inflexión - letra - oscilación - por - primera - primero - radical - semblante - sensible - tipo - vaivén - viraje - vuelta - acelerar - acentuado - apreciable - apresurar - brusco - cambiar - cara - cerrado - efectuar - feria - guardia - idea - importante - inevitable - lado - libre - nuevo - observar - operar - opinión - producir - quedar - rápido English: abrupt - adjustment - alarmed - alteration - bare - better - change - chapter - conversely - department - displacement - distinct - draft - dramatic - dramatically - drastic - euro - exchange - exchange rate - fall - float - gearshift - gearstick - instead - intend - into - likely - major - make - modification - occur - protection money - rate - refreshing - refreshingly - return - reversal - round - sex change - shift - short-change - slight - small change - subject - substantial - sudden - swap for - sweep - sweeping - swing

    English-spanish dictionary > cambio

  • 7 cambiar


    cambiar ( conjugate cambiar) verbo transitivo 1
    a) (alterar, modificar) ‹horario/imagen/persona› to change
    b) (de lugar, posición):
    cambié las flores de florero I put the flowers in a different vase
    c) ( reemplazar) ‹pieza/fecha/sábanas› to change;
    cambiarle el nombre a algo to change the name of sth
    d) ‹niño/bebé› to change
    e) (Fin) to change;
    cambié 100 libras a or (Esp) en dólares I changed 100 pounds into dollars 2 ( canjear) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE); cambiar algo por algo ‹sellos/estampas› to swap o (esp AmE) trade sth for sth; ‹ compra› to exchange o change sth for sth;
    ◊ ¿quieres que te cambie el lugar? do you want me to swap o change places with you?
    verbo intransitivo
    a) [ciudad/persona] to change;
    le está cambiando la voz his voice is breaking
    b) (Auto) to change gear
    d) cambiar de algo ‹de tema/canal/color› to change sth;
    cambiar de sentido to make (AmE) o (BrE) do a U-turn cambiarse verbo pronominal
    b) ( refl) ‹camisa/nombre/peinado› to change;
    cambiarse de algo ‹de camisa/zapatos› to change sth; cambiarse de casa to move house; cámbiate de camisa change your shirt
    c) cambiarse por algn to change places with sb
    d) ( recípr) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE)

    cambiar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to change
    2 (cromos, etc) to swap, (en un comercio) exchange
    3 (un tipo de moneda por otro) to change
    II verbo intransitivo to change
    cambiar de casa, to move (house)
    cambiar de idea, to change one's mind
    cambiar de sitio, to move
    cambiar de trabajo, to get another job
    cambiar de velocidad, to change gear ' cambiar' also found in these entries: Spanish: bando - camisa - chaqueta - desnaturalizar - girar - idea - impresión - infranqueable - lucha - parecer - torna - tornar - trasladar - volverse - arrepentirse - color - lado - lugar - marcha - mudar - reubicar - tema - transformar - tren - variar - voltear - vuelta English: about-face - about-turn - abruptly - alter - anyhow - change - change around - change over - dead - debate - doctor - frame - gear - hold - into - lighting - mind - modify - move - move about - move around - move on - prerogative - rearrange - replace - reverse - shift - shift about - shift around - stationary - steadily - subject - swap - swap for - swap round - swing - switch - switch over - tack - think - tune - vary - barter - break - budge - course - disguise - exchange - get - hand

    English-spanish dictionary > cambiar

  • 8 switch

    switch [swɪtʃ]
    1 noun
    (a) Electricity (for light) interrupteur m; (on radio, television) bouton m; Technology & Telecommunications commutateur m;
    ∎ is the switch on/off? est-ce que c'est allumé/éteint?;
    ∎ two-way switch (interrupteur m) va-et-vient m
    (b) (change → gen) changement m; (→ of opinion, attitude) revirement m;
    ∎ the switch to the new equipment went very smoothly on s'est très bien adaptés au nouveau matériel;
    ∎ a sudden switch in foreign policy un subit revirement de la politique étrangère;
    ∎ to make the switch from gas to electricity passer du gaz à l'électricité
    (c) (swap, trade) échange m
    ∎ switches (points) aiguillage m
    (e) (stick) baguette f, badine f; (riding crop) cravache f
    (f) (hairpiece) postiche m
    (g) Zoology (hair on tail) fouet m de la queue
    (a) (change) changer de; (exchange) échanger;
    ∎ he switched subjects after two years at university il a changé de filière après deux ans d'université;
    ∎ the two employees asked to switch jobs les deux employés ont demandé à échanger leurs postes;
    ∎ to switch places with sb échanger sa place avec qn;
    ∎ she offered to switch jobs with me elle a offert d'échanger son poste contre le mien;
    ∎ can I switch it for another one? puis-je l'échanger contre un autre?;
    ∎ he's been switched to another department il a été muté dans un autre service
    (b) (transfer → allegiance, attention) transférer; (divert → conversation) orienter, détourner;
    ∎ she switched her attention back to the speaker elle reporta son attention sur le conférencier;
    ∎ I tried to switch the discussion to something less controversial j'ai essayé d'orienter la discussion vers un sujet moins épineux
    ∎ to switch channels/frequencies changer de chaîne/de fréquence
    (d) American Railways aiguiller;
    ∎ the freight train was switched to another track le train de marchandises fut aiguillé sur une autre voie
    (e) (hit with stick) donner un coup de baguette à;
    ∎ to switch its tail (cow) battre l'air de sa queue
    ∎ to switch a position reporter une position d'une échéance à une autre plus éloignée
    changer;
    ∎ she started studying medicine but switched to architecture elle a commencé par étudier la médecine, mais elle a changé pour faire architecture;
    ∎ I'd like to switch to another topic j'aimerais changer de sujet;
    ∎ can I switch to another channel? est-ce que je peux changer de chaîne?;
    ∎ the committee switched to the problem of recruitment le comité passa au problème du recrutement;
    ∎ we've switched to another brand nous avons changé de marque;
    ∎ they've switched to American equipment ils ont adopté du matériel américain;
    ∎ to switch (from gas) to electricity passer (du gaz) à l'électricité;
    ∎ he switches effortlessly from one language to another il passe d'une langue à une autre avec une grande aisance
    ►► Stock Exchange switch trading aribtrage m
    ∎ to switch back from electricity to gas repasser (de l'électricité) au gaz;
    ∎ we switched back to gas nous sommes revenus au gaz;
    ∎ to switch back to BBC2 remettre sur BBC2
    British (light) éteindre; (electrical appliance) éteindre, arrêter;
    ∎ don't forget to switch the lights off when you leave n'oublie pas d'éteindre la lumière en partant;
    ∎ the radio switches itself off la radio s'éteint ou s'arrête automatiquement;
    ∎ they've switched off the power ils ont coupé le courant;
    ∎ Cars to switch off the ignition or engine couper le contact, arrêter le moteur
    (a) British (go off → light) s'éteindre; (→ electrical appliance) s'éteindre, s'arrêter;
    ∎ how do you get the oven to switch off? comment tu éteins le four?
    (b) British (TV viewer, radio listener) éteindre le poste;
    ∎ don't switch off! restez à l'écoute!
    ∎ he switches off whenever we talk about politics il décroche chaque fois qu'on parle politique
    (a) (light, heating, oven, TV, radio) allumer; (engine, washing machine, vacuum cleaner) mettre en marche;
    ∎ could you switch on the light? pourrais-tu allumer (la lumière)?;
    ∎ the power isn't switched on il n'y a pas de courant;
    ∎ Cars to switch on the ignition mettre le contact
    ∎ to switch on the charm faire du charme;
    ∎ to switch on the tears pleurer sur commande;
    ∎ familiar they switched me on to new ideas ils m'ont initié aux idées nouvelles
    (a) (light, heating, oven, TV, radio) s'allumer; (engine, washing machine, vacuum cleaner) se mettre en marche;
    ∎ the lights switch on and off automatically les lumières s'allument et s'éteignent automatiquement
    (b) (TV viewer, radio listener) allumer le poste;
    ∎ don't forget to switch on at the same time tomorrow! soyez à l'écoute demain à la même heure!
    (b) Television changer de chaîne; Radio changer de station;
    ∎ can we switch over at 8 o' clock? est-ce que nous pouvons changer de chaîne à 20 heures?
    changer de place, déplacer;
    ∎ why don't we switch the desks round? et si on changeait les bureaux de place?;
    ∎ he switched the glasses round when she wasn't looking il échangea les verres pendant qu'elle ne regardait pas;
    ∎ the manager has switched the team round again l'entraîneur a encore changé la composition de l'équipe
    (two people) changer de place;
    ∎ she's switched round with her brother elle a changé de place avec son frère

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > switch

  • 9 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 10 free

    free [fri:]
    libre ⇒ 1 (a)-(c), 1 (e) gratuit ⇒ 1 (d) franco ⇒ 1 (i) gratuitement ⇒ 2 (a) librement ⇒ 2 (b) libérer ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c), 3 (d) dégager ⇒ 3 (b) déboucher ⇒ 3 (c)
    (a) (unconfined, unrestricted → person, animal, passage, way) libre;
    ∎ as free as the air or a bird libre comme l'air;
    ∎ the hostage managed to get free l'otage a réussi à se libérer;
    ∎ to cut sb free délivrer qn en coupant ses liens;
    ∎ to let sb go free relâcher qn, remettre qn en liberté;
    ∎ to set free (prisoner, animal) remettre en liberté; (slave) affranchir; (hostage) libérer;
    ∎ you are free to leave vous êtes libre de partir;
    ∎ you are free to refuse libre à vous de refuser;
    ∎ they gave us free access to their files ils nous ont donné libre accès à leurs dossiers;
    ∎ to make a free choice décider librement ou en toute liberté;
    ∎ feel free to visit us any time ne vous gênez pas pour nous rendre visite quand vous voulez;
    ∎ feel free to speak your mind n'hésitez pas à dire ce que vous pensez;
    ∎ can I use the phone? - yes, feel free puis-je téléphoner? - mais certainement;
    ∎ free seating (sign) places non numérotées
    (b) (unattached) libre, sans attaches;
    ∎ with his free hand avec sa main libre;
    ∎ grab the free end of the rope attrape le bout libre de la corde
    (c) (democratic) libre;
    ∎ it's a free country! on est en démocratie!;
    ∎ a free press une presse libre
    (d) (at no cost) gratuit;
    ∎ free admission entrée f gratuite ou libre;
    ∎ free demonstration démonstration f gracieuse;
    ∎ figurative there's no such thing as a free lunch les gens sont tous intéressés
    (e) (not in use, unoccupied) libre;
    ∎ is that seat free? est-ce que ce siège est libre?;
    ∎ she doesn't have a free moment elle n'a pas un moment de libre;
    ∎ are you free for lunch today? êtes-vous libre pour déjeuner aujourd'hui?;
    ∎ could you let us know when you're free? pourriez-vous nous faire savoir quand vous êtes libre ou disponible?;
    ∎ what do you do in your free time? que faites-vous pendant vos loisirs?;
    ∎ she has very little free time elle a peu de temps libre
    ∎ the jury was not entirely free of or from prejudice les jurés n'étaient pas entièrement sans préjugés ou parti pris;
    ∎ to be free from care être sans souci;
    ∎ to be free from pain ne pas souffrir;
    ∎ I just want to be free of him! je veux être débarrassé de lui!;
    ∎ they're trying to keep Antarctica free from pollution ils essaient de préserver l'Antarctique de la pollution
    (g) (approximate → translation, interpretation) libre; pejorative approximatif
    ∎ free and easy désinvolte, décontracté;
    ∎ she has a very free and easy attitude to life elle prend la vie de façon très décontractée
    ∎ free carrier franco transporteur;
    ∎ free overside franco allège;
    ∎ free in and out bord à bord;
    ∎ free alongside ship, free at quay franco long du quai, franco long du bord;
    ∎ free at frontier franco frontière;
    ∎ free of all average franc de toute avarie;
    ∎ free of general average franc d'avarie commune;
    ∎ free of particular average franc d'avarie particulière;
    ∎ free on board franco à bord;
    ∎ Customs free of duty exempt de droits d'entrée;
    ∎ free on rail franco wagon;
    ∎ free of tax franc d'impôts;
    ∎ free on truck franco camion;
    ∎ free on wharf franco long du quai, franco long du bord
    ∎ to be free with one's time être généreux de son temps;
    ∎ to be free with one's money être prodigue de son argent;
    ∎ he was very free with his advice il a été très prodigue en conseils;
    ∎ she's very free with her criticism elle ne ménage pas ses critiques
    (k) (disrespectful) trop familier;
    ∎ he's a bit free in his manners for my liking il est un peu trop sans gêne à mon goût
    (l) Chemistry libre, non combiné;
    ∎ free nitrogen azote m à l'état libre
    (a) (at no cost) gratuitement;
    ∎ they will deliver free of charge ils livreront gratuitement;
    ∎ children travel (for) free les enfants voyagent gratuitement;
    ∎ it came free with the magazine c'était en prime pour l'achat du magazine
    ∎ wolves roamed free through the forests les loups rôdaient librement à travers les forêts;
    ∎ to make free with sth se servir de qch sans se gêner;
    ∎ he made very free with his wife's money il ne se gênait pas pour dépenser l'argent de sa femme
    (a) (release → gen) libérer; (→ prisoner) libérer, relâcher; (→ tied-up animal) détacher; (→ caged animal) libérer; (→ slave, colony) affranchir;
    ∎ to free sb's hands (untie) détacher les mains de qn;
    ∎ giving up work has freed me to get on with my painting arrêter de travailler m'a permis de continuer à peindre
    (b) (disengage, disentangle) dégager;
    ∎ it took two hours to free the driver from the wreckage il a fallu deux heures pour dégager le conducteur de sa voiture;
    ∎ she tried to free herself from his grasp elle essaya de se libérer ou dégager de son étreinte;
    ∎ figurative to free sb from an obligation libérer qn d'une obligation;
    ∎ to free oneself from one's commitments se libérer ou se délier de ses engagements;
    ∎ he cannot free himself of guilt il ne peut pas se débarrasser d'un sentiment de culpabilité
    (c) (unblock → pipe) déboucher; (→ passage) libérer
    (d) Commerce (prices, trade) libérer; (funds) débloquer
    ►► free agent personne f libre ou indépendante; (sports player) joueur(euse) m,f indépendant(e);
    ∎ I'm a free agent je ne dépends de personne;
    Psychology free association association f libre;
    Free Church Église f protestante d'Écosse;
    the Free Church of Scotland = secte protestante écossaise à tendance traditionnaliste;
    Sport free climbing escalade f libre;
    free competition libre concurrence f;
    School free composition composition f libre;
    free diver plongeur(euse) m,f autonome;
    free diving plongée f sous-marine autonome;
    Golf free drop free drop m, drop m sans pénalité;
    Economics free enterprise libre entreprise f;
    free fall chute f libre;
    free flight vol m ballistique;
    Stock Exchange free float actions fpl disponibles (au marché);
    History Free France la France libre;
    History the Free French les Français mpl libres;
    Commerce free gift cadeau m;
    free hand liberté f d'action;
    ∎ to give sb a free hand to do sth donner carte blanche à qn pour faire qch;
    ∎ they gave me a completely free hand ils m'ont donné toute liberté d'action;
    British free house = pub libre de ses approvisionnements (et non lié à une brasserie particulière);
    free indirect speech style m indirect libre;
    Stock Exchange free issue attribution f d'actions gratuites;
    Music free jazz free-jazz m inv;
    Sport free kick coup m franc;
    free love union f libre;
    Economics free market économie f de marché;
    Law free pardon grâce f;
    Customs free port port m franc;
    free press liberté f de la presse;
    Medicine free radical radical m libre;
    familiar Industry free rider = ouvrier non-syndiqué qui profite des avantages gagnés par les syndicats;
    Commerce free sample échantillon m gratuit;
    free skating figures fpl libres;
    free speech liberté f de parole ou d'expression;
    free spirit non-conformiste mf;
    Free State (in South Africa) État m libre; History (Ireland) État m libre d'Irlande;
    History Free Stater partisan m de l'État libre d'Irlande;
    free thought libre pensée f;
    Sport free throw (in basketball) lancer m franc;
    Economics free trade libre-échange m;
    Economics free trade area zone f de libre-échange;
    Economics free trade policy politique f antiprotectionniste, politique f de libre-échange;
    Economics free trader libre-échangiste mf;
    Economics free trade zone zone f de libre-échange;
    Commerce free trial essai m gratuit;
    Commerce free trial period période f d'essai gratuit;
    free verse vers m libre;
    free vote vote m libre;
    free will libre arbitre m;
    ∎ to do sth of one's own free will faire qch de son plein gré;
    Politics the Free World le monde libre
    (funds) dégager; (time, space) libérer;
    ∎ this will free up sales people to do more actual selling cela donnera plus de temps au personnel de vente pour se consacrer à la vente même
    ✾ Book 'Free Fall' Golding 'Chute libre'

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > free

  • 11 Introduction

       Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.
       Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.
       Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.
       Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).
       Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.
       Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.
       LAND AND PEOPLE
       The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).
       For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.
       Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the
       Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.
       Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:
       1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)
       1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)
       1864 4,287,000 first census
       1890 5,049,700
       1900 5,423,000
       1911 5,960,000
       1930 6,826,000
       1940 7,185,143
       1950 8,510,000
       1960 8,889,000
       1970 8,668,000* note decrease
       1980 9,833,000
       1991 9,862,540
       1996 9,934,100
       2006 10,642,836
       2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction

  • 12 Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1 January 1815 Calverly Hall, Bradford, England
    d. 2 February 1906 Swinton Park, near Bradford, England
    [br]
    English inventor of successful wool-combing and waste-silk spinning machines.
    [br]
    Lister was descended from one of the old Yorkshire families, the Cunliffe Listers of Manningham, and was the fourth son of his father Ellis. After attending a school on Clapham Common, Lister would not go to university; his family hoped he would enter the Church, but instead he started work with the Liverpool merchants Sands, Turner \& Co., who frequently sent him to America. In 1837 his father built for him and his brother a worsted mill at Manningham, where Samuel invented a swivel shuttle and a machine for making fringes on shawls. It was here that he first became aware of the unhealthy occupation of combing wool by hand. Four years later, after seeing the machine that G.E. Donisthorpe was trying to work out, he turned his attention to mechanizing wool-combing. Lister took Donisthorpe into partnership after paying him £12,000 for his patent, and developed the Lister-Cartwright "square nip" comber. Until this time, combing machines were little different from Cartwright's original, but Lister was able to improve on this with continuous operation and by 1843 was combing the first fine botany wool that had ever been combed by machinery. In the following year he received an order for fifty machines to comb all qualities of wool. Further combing patents were taken out with Donisthorpe in 1849, 1850, 1851 and 1852, the last two being in Lister's name only. One of the important features of these patents was the provision of a gripping device or "nip" which held the wool fibres at one end while the rest of the tuft was being combed. Lister was soon running nine combing mills. In the 1850s Lister had become involved in disputes with others who held combing patents, such as his associate Isaac Holden and the Frenchman Josué Heilmann. Lister bought up the Heilmann machine patents and afterwards other types until he obtained a complete monopoly of combing machines before the patents expired. His invention stimulated demand for wool by cheapening the product and gave a vital boost to the Australian wool trade. By 1856 he was at the head of a wool-combing business such as had never been seen before, with mills at Manningham, Bradford, Halifax, Keighley and other places in the West Riding, as well as abroad.
    His inventive genius also extended to other fields. In 1848 he patented automatic compressed air brakes for railways, and in 1853 alone he took out twelve patents for various textile machines. He then tried to spin waste silk and made a second commercial career, turning what was called "chassum" and hitherto regarded as refuse into beautiful velvets, silks, plush and other fine materials. Waste silk consisted of cocoon remnants from the reeling process, damaged cocoons and fibres rejected from other processes. There was also wild silk obtained from uncultivated worms. This is what Lister saw in a London warehouse as a mass of knotty, dirty, impure stuff, full of bits of stick and dead mulberry leaves, which he bought for a halfpenny a pound. He spent ten years trying to solve the problems, but after a loss of £250,000 and desertion by his partner his machine caught on in 1865 and brought Lister another fortune. Having failed to comb this waste silk, Lister turned his attention to the idea of "dressing" it and separating the qualities automatically. He patented a machine in 1877 that gave a graduated combing. To weave his new silk, he imported from Spain to Bradford, together with its inventor Jose Reixach, a velvet loom that was still giving trouble. It wove two fabrics face to face, but the problem lay in separating the layers so that the pile remained regular in length. Eventually Lister was inspired by watching a scissors grinder in the street to use small emery wheels to sharpen the cutters that divided the layers of fabric. Lister took out several patents for this loom in his own name in 1868 and 1869, while in 1871 he took out one jointly with Reixach. It is said that he spent £29,000 over an eleven-year period on this loom, but this was more than recouped from the sale of reasonably priced high-quality velvets and plushes once success was achieved. Manningham mills were greatly enlarged to accommodate this new manufacture.
    In later years Lister had an annual profit from his mills of £250,000, much of which was presented to Bradford city in gifts such as Lister Park, the original home of the Listers. He was connected with the Bradford Chamber of Commerce for many years and held the position of President of the Fair Trade League for some time. In 1887 he became High Sheriff of Yorkshire, and in 1891 he was made 1st Baron Masham. He was also Deputy Lieutenant in North and West Riding.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Created 1st Baron Masham 1891.
    Bibliography
    1849, with G.E.Donisthorpe, British patent no. 12,712. 1850, with G.E. Donisthorpe, British patent no. 13,009. 1851, British patent no. 13,532.
    1852, British patent no. 14,135.
    1877, British patent no. 3,600 (combing machine). 1868, British patent no. 470.
    1868, British patent no. 2,386.
    1868, British patent no. 2,429.
    1868, British patent no. 3,669.
    1868, British patent no. 1,549.
    1871, with J.Reixach, British patent no. 1,117. 1905, Lord Masham's Inventions (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    J.Hogg (ed.), c. 1888, Fortunes Made in Business, London (biography).
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; and C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (both cover the technical details of Lister's invention).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham

  • 13 secret

    ˈsi:krɪt
    1. сущ.
    1) секрет, тайна;
    загадка, необъяснимое to be in the secret ≈ быть посвященным в тайну to betray, blurt out, divulge, reveal a secret ≈ выдавать тайну to ferret out, uncover a secret ≈ выведать тайну to guard, keep a secret ≈ сохранять тайну to make a secret of smth. ≈ делать из чего-л. тайну trade secret ≈ профессиональная тайна, производственная тайна;
    засекреченная технология closely guarded secret ≈ строго оберегаемая тайна military secret ≈ военная тайна open secret ≈ секрет Полишинеля;
    секрет, известный всем state secret ≈ государственная тайна Syn: mystery, puzzle
    2) ключ, причина the secret of longevity ≈ секрет долговечности
    2. прил.
    1) а) секретный, тайный strictly secret, most secret, top secret ≈ совершенно секретный secret agent ≈ тайный агент;
    шпион secret vote ≈ тайное голосование secret meeting ≈ тайное, нелегальное собрание secret operation ≈ секретная операция to keep secret ≈ держать в тайне Syn: covert, veiled б) потайной, скрытый;
    засекреченный a secret motive ≈ скрытое побуждение a secret panel ≈ скрытая панель Syn: countersunk, esoteric в) зашифрованный, условный secret sign ≈ условный знак
    2) скрытный;
    замкнутый Syn: reserved, reticent
    3) уединенный, укромный Syn: secluded, solitary
    4) таинственный, необъяснимый секрет, тайна - dead * глубокая тайна - a military * военная тайна - an open * всем известный секрет;
    секрет полишинеля - to keep a * хранить тайну - to entrust smb. with a * доверить кому-л. тайну - he has no *s он ничего не скрывает - we have no *s from one another у нас нет тайн /секретов/ друг от друга - to make no * of smth. не делать из чего-л. тайны /секрета/ - in * тайно;
    по секрету, под секретом - I was told about it in * мне сказали об этом по секрету - she wept in * она тайком плакала - to be in the * быть посвященным в тайну - to let smb. into a /the/ * посвятить кого-л. в тайну - the * is out тайное стало явным - to pass state *s to a foreign government передавать государственные тайны иностранному правительству ключ, разгадка;
    тайная причина - the * of his success причина /секрет/ его успеха загадка, что-л. необъяснимое, скрытое - lover's *s признания влюбленного - the *s of nature тайны природы - the * of human motive загадка поведения человека, тайна побудительных сил, объясняющих поступки человека - the * of perpetual youth тайна /секрет/ вечной молодости тайный, секретный, сохраняемый в тайне - * agent тайный /секретный/ агент - * diplomacy тайная дипломатия - * errand тайное поручение - * marriage тайный брак - * meeting тайное собрание - * post (военное) секрет - * treaty тайный договор - a * traffic in drugs тайная торговля наркотиками - to keep up a * correspondence with smb. поддерживать тайную переписку с кем-л. - top * совершенно секретно (надпись на документах) - there is nothing * about it в этом нет никакого секрета потайной, скрытый - * door потайная дверь - to press a * spring of a writing-desk нажать на скрытую пружину, открывающую письменный стол скрытный, замкнутый - * in his habits скрытный по характеру - * as the grave молчаливый;
    могила зашифрованный, условный - * code шифровальный код, тайнопись - * langauge (военное) шифр;
    код;
    зашифрованный текст - * padlock замок с секретом /с шифром/ - * sign условный знак таинственный, загадочный, непостижимый - the * workings of nature таинственные процессы, происходящие в природе - the * workings of the human heart скрытые /тайные/ движения души уединенный;
    удаленный - * valley затерянная долина затаенный - * feeling затаенное чувство - in my * heart в глубине души - the * places of the heart тайники души (устаревшее) непонятный, недоступный для понимания > * parts( эвфмеизм) половые органы в секрете, в тайне - to keep smth. * держать что-л. в секрете - the news must be kept * эти известия нельзя разглашать ~ тайна, секрет;
    to be in the secret быть посвященным в тайну;
    to keep a secret сохранять тайну;
    an open secret = секрет полишинеля ~ тайна, секрет;
    to be in the secret быть посвященным в тайну;
    to keep a secret сохранять тайну;
    an open secret = секрет полишинеля business ~ коммерческая тайна business ~ производственный секрет commercial ~ коммерческая тайна ~ тайный, секретный;
    secret service секретная служба, разведка;
    secret marriage тайный брак;
    secret treaty тайный договор;
    to keep secret держать в тайне keep ~ держать в секрете manufacturing ~ секрет изготовления manufacturing ~ секрет производства military ~ военная тайна official ~ государственная тайна, служебная тайна open ~ раскрытый секрет professional ~ профессиональная тайна secret потайной, скрытый ~ секрет ~ секретный ~ скрывать, укрывать (преступление, преступника) ~ скрытный ~ тайна, загадка;
    the secrets of nature тайны природы ~ тайна, секрет;
    to be in the secret быть посвященным в тайну;
    to keep a secret сохранять тайну;
    an open secret = секрет полишинеля ~ тайна, секрет ~ тайна ~ тайный, секретный;
    secret service секретная служба, разведка;
    secret marriage тайный брак;
    secret treaty тайный договор;
    to keep secret держать в тайне ~ тайный, секретный ~ уединенный, укромный ~ тайный, секретный;
    secret service секретная служба, разведка;
    secret marriage тайный брак;
    secret treaty тайный договор;
    to keep secret держать в тайне ~ тайный, секретный;
    secret service секретная служба, разведка;
    secret marriage тайный брак;
    secret treaty тайный договор;
    to keep secret держать в тайне ~ тайна, загадка;
    the secrets of nature тайны природы state ~ государственная тайна trade ~ секрет производства trade ~ торговая тайна

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > secret

  • 14 show

    ʃəu
    1. past tense - showed; verb
    1) (to allow or cause to be seen: Show me your new dress; Please show your membership card when you come to the club; His work is showing signs of improvement.) enseñar, mostrar
    2) (to be able to be seen: The tear in your dress hardly shows; a faint light showing through the curtains.) notarse, verse
    3) (to offer or display, or to be offered or displayed, for the public to look at: Which picture is showing at the cinema?; They are showing a new film; His paintings are being shown at the art gallery.) exhibir
    4) (to point out or point to: He showed me the road to take; Show me the man you saw yesterday.) indicar, mostrar
    5) ((often with (a)round) to guide or conduct: Please show this lady to the door; They showed him (a)round (the factory).) conducir, acompañar
    6) (to demonstrate to: Will you show me how to do it?; He showed me a clever trick.) enseñar
    7) (to prove: That just shows / goes to show how stupid he is.) demostrar
    8) (to give or offer (someone) kindness etc: He showed him no mercy.) mostrar

    2. noun
    1) (an entertainment, public exhibition, performance etc: a horse-show; a flower show; the new show at the theatre; a TV show.) exposición, espectáculo
    2) (a display or act of showing: a show of strength.) exhibición, demostración, alarde
    3) (an act of pretending to be, do etc (something): He made a show of working, but he wasn't really concentrating.) ostentación, apariencia
    4) (appearance, impression: They just did it for show, in order to make themselves seem more important than they are.) ostentación, apariencia
    5) (an effort or attempt: He put up a good show in the chess competition.) actuación
    •
    - showiness
    - show-business
    - showcase
    - showdown
    - showground
    - show-jumping
    - showman
    - showroom
    - give the show away
    - good show!
    - on show
    - show off
    - show up
    show1 n
    1. espectáculo
    2. programa
    3. feria / exposición
    show2 vb
    1. mostrar / enseñar
    2. demostrar
    3. verse / notarse

    show /ʃou/, /tʃou/ sustantivo masculino (pl
    ◊ shows) show

    show sustantivo masculino show Locuciones: fam pey (llamar la atención) montar/dar un show, to make a scene ' show' also found in these entries: Spanish: acusar - acusarse - adorno - alzada - alzado - amable - aparentar - arrojar - boato - charlatán - charlatana - chula - chulo - concurso - dar - decir - delicia - demostrar - demostración - desarrollarse - desfile - despliegue - deterioro - echar - ensañarse - enseñar - espectáculo - estimable - evidencia - evidenciar - exhibir - exhibirse - expuesta - expuesto - exteriorizar - fanfarrón - fanfarrona - fanfarronear - fantasma - fastuosa - fastuoso - gala - guiñol - horterada - indicar - lucir - lucirse - manifestar - mano - marcar English: chat show - colour - delight - door - embarrassing - fashion show - favor - favour - flop - grandiose - guide - hand - mill about - mill around - parody - peep show - puppet show - quiz - rope - sensitivity - show - show in - show off - show out - show round - show up - show-jumper - show-jumping - show-off - show-stopper - shown - sign - sought-after - spectacle - spectacular - steal - talk-show - variety show - all - bear - belie - bristle - chat - comedy - demonstrate - display - dog - editor - entertainment - fashion
    tr[ʃəʊ]
    1 SMALLTHEATRE/SMALL (entertainment) espectáculo; (performance) función nombre femenino
    2 (on TV, radio) programa nombre masculino, show nombre masculino
    4 (display) muestra, demostración nombre femenino
    ■ a show of strength una demostración de fuerza, una exhibición de fuerza
    5 (outward appearance, pretence) apariencia
    6 (ostentation, pomp) alarde nombre masculino
    ■ it's all for show es pura fachada, todo es para aparentar
    7 familiar (organization) negocio, tinglado
    ■ who runs this show? ¿quién manda aquí?
    transitive verb (pt showed, pp showed o shown tr[ʃəʊn])
    1 (display -gen) enseñar; (- things for sale) mostrar, enseñar
    2 (point out) indicar, señalar
    ■ do you want me to show you the way? ¿quieres que te indique el camino?
    3 (reveal - feelings) demostrar, expresar; (- interest, enthusiasm, etc) demostrar, mostrar
    4 (allow to be seen) dejar ver
    5 (measurement etc) marcar; (profit, loss) indicar, registrar, arrojar
    ■ the clock showed 4.25 el reloj marcaba las 4.25
    ■ figures out today show that inflation is up by 2% cifras publicadas hoy indican que la inflación ha subido un 2%
    6 (teach) enseñar; (explain) explicar
    ■ I'll show him! ¡se va a enterar!
    7 (prove, demonstrate) demostrar
    8 (depict, present) representar, mostrar
    9 (guide) llevar, acompañar
    ■ will you show Mr. Smith out please? ¿quieres acompañar al Sr. Smith a la puerta por favor?
    10 (painting etc) exponer, exhibir; (film) dar, poner, pasar, proyectar; (slides) pasar, proyectar; (on TV) dar, poner
    ■ they're showing "Dracula" at the Rex dan "Drácula" en el Rex
    ■ are they showing the match live? ¿dan el partido en directo?
    1 (be perceptible) verse, notarse
    ■ I did it quickly - yes, it shows! lo hice deprisa - ¡sí, se nota!
    2 SMALLCINEMA/SMALL poner, dar, echar, proyectar, exhibir
    ■ what's showing at the Odeon? ¿qué dan en el Odeon?, ¿qué echan en el Odeon?
    3 familiar (appear, turn up) aparecer, presentarse
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    it just goes to show! ¡hay que ver!
    let's get this show on the road! ¡manos a la obra!
    the show must go on el espectáculo debe continuar
    time will show el tiempo lo dirá
    to be all show ser puro teatro, ser fingido,-a
    to be on show estar expuesto,-a
    to have nothing to show for something no reportarle a uno ningún beneficio
    ■ he had nothing to show for a life's work except a stupid watch lo único que tenía como recompensa a una vida dedicada al trabajo era un estúpido reloj
    to have something to show for something tener algo que recompensa
    ■ and what have you got to show for it? ¿y qué tienes como recompensa?, ¿y qué beneficio te ha reportado?
    to put on/up a good show hacer un buen papel, estar muy bien
    to show a leg levantarse
    to show one's age notársele los años a uno
    to show one's face asomar la cara
    to show one's teeth mostrar los dientes, enseñar los dientes
    to show somebody the door echar a alguien (a la calle)
    to show signs of something dar señales de algo, dar muestras de algo
    to steal the show llevarse la palma
    agricultural show feria del campo
    boat show salón nombre masculino náutico
    fashion show desfile nombre masculino de modelos
    horse show concurso hípico
    quiz show programa nombre masculino concurso
    show business el mundo del espectáculo
    show house casa piloto
    show trial juicio amañado (para influir en la opinión pública)
    show ['ʃo:] v, showed ; shown ['ʃo:n] or showed ; showing vt
    1) display: mostrar, enseñar
    2) reveal: demostrar, manifestar, revelar
    he showed himself to be a coward: se reveló como cobarde
    3) teach: enseñar
    4) prove: demostrar, probar
    5) conduct, direct: llevar, acompañar
    to show someone the way: indicarle el camino a alguien
    6) : proyectar (una película), dar (un programa de televisión)
    show vi
    1) : notarse, verse
    the stain doesn't show: la mancha no se ve
    2) appear: aparecer, dejarse ver
    show n
    1) : demostración f
    a show of force: una demostración de fuerza
    2) exhibition: exposición f, exhibición f
    flower show: exposición de flores
    to be on show: estar expuesto
    3) : espectáculo m (teatral), programa m (de televisión, etc.)
    to go to a show: ir al teatro
    n.
    • actuación s.f.
    • atuendo s.m.
    • bambolla s.f.
    • boato s.m.
    • celebridad s.f.
    • demostración s.f.
    • espectáculo s.m.
    • exhibición s.f.
    • función s.f.
    • lucimiento s.m.
    • manifestación s.f.
    • ostensión s.f.
    • pompa s.f.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: showed) or p.p.: shown•) = demostrar v.
    • denotar v.
    • enseñar v.
    • exhibir v.
    • exponer v.
    • lucir v.
    • manifestarse v.
    • mostrar v.
    • ostentar v.
    • presentar v.
    • probar v.
    • representar v.
    • revelar v.
    • señalar v.

    I
    1. ʃeʊ
    (past showed; past p shown or showed) transitive verb
    1)
    a) \<\<photograph/passport\>\> mostrar*, enseñar

    to show somebody something, to show something TO somebody — mostrarle* algo a alguien

    to have nothing/something to show for something: they had little/nothing to show for their years of work vieron poco/no vieron recompensados sus años de trabajo; she has something to show for her efforts — sus esfuerzos han dado fruto or le han reportado algo

    b) \<\<feelings\>\> demostrar*, exteriorizar*; \<\<interest/enthusiasm/taste\>\> demostrar*, mostrar*; \<\<courage\>\> demostrar* (tener)

    he shows her no respect — no le tiene ningún respeto, le falta al respeto

    could you show me the way? — ¿me podría indicar el camino?

    2)
    a) (depict, present)

    does the map show places of interest? — ¿están señalados or marcados en el mapa los lugares de interés?

    as shown in fig. 2 — como se indica or se muestra en la figura 2

    b) (record, register) \<\<barometer/dial/indicator\>\> marcar*, señalar, indicar*; \<\<profit/loss\>\> arrojar
    3)
    a) ( demonstrate) \<\<truth/importance\>\> demostrar*
    b) ( teach) enseñar

    I'll show them! — (colloq) ya van a ver!

    4) ( by accompanying) (+ adv compl)

    he showed us to our seats — nos llevó or nos acompañó hasta nuestros asientos

    to show somebody in — hacer* pasar a alguien

    to show somebody over a building — mostrarle* or enseñarle a alguien un edificio

    5)
    a) ( screen) \<\<movie\>\> dar*, pasar, proyectar (frml), poner* (Esp); \<\<program\>\> dar*, poner* (Esp), emitir (frml); \<\<slides\>\> pasar, proyectar (frml)
    b) ( exhibit) \<\<paintings/sculpture\>\> exponer*, exhibir; \<\<horse/dog\>\> presentar, exponer*

    2.
    vi
    1) ( be visible) \<\<dirt/stain\>\> verse*, notarse; \<\<emotion/scar\>\> notarse

    I did it in a hurry - yes, it shows! — lo hice deprisa y corriendo - sí, se nota! or sí, y así quedó!

    to show through — verse*

    2)
    a) ( be screened) ( Cin)

    it's showing at the Trocadero — la están dando en el Trocadero, la ponen en el Trocadero (Esp)

    b) ( exhibit) \<\<artist\>\> exponer*, exhibir
    3) ( turn up) (colloq) aparecer*

    3.
    v refl
    a) ( become visible) \<\<person\>\> asomarse, dejarse ver
    b) ( prove to be) demostrar* ser; ( turn out to be) resultar ser
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    1) c ( exhibition) ( Art) exposición f

    agricultural show — feria f agrícola y ganadera, exposición f rural (RPl)

    boat show — salón m náutico

    to be on show — estar* expuesto or en exhibición

    to put something on show — exponer* algo; (before n)

    show house — (BrE) casa f piloto

    2) c
    a) ( stage production) espectáculo m

    to get the show on the road — (colloq) poner* manos a la obra

    let's get this show on the road — manos a la obra!

    to steal the show — \<\<actor\>\> robarse el espectáculo, llevarse todos los aplausos

    b) (on television, radio) programa m
    3) (no pl)
    a) ( display) muestra f, demostración f

    I made a show of enthusiasm — fingí estar entusiasmado; alarde m

    4) (colloq) (no pl)
    a) (activity, organization) asunto m

    to run the show — llevar la voz cantante, llevar la batuta (fam), ser* el amo del cotarro (fam)

    b) ( performance) (BrE)

    to put up a good/poor show — hacer* un buen/mal papel, defenderse* bien/mal

    good show! — espléndido!, bravo!

    [ʃǝʊ] (vb: pt showed) (pp shown)
    1. N
    1) (=showing) demostración f, manifestación f

    • show of hands — votación f a mano alzada

    • an impressive show of power — una impresionante exhibición de poder

    2) (=exhibition) exposición f ; [of trade] feria f

    • agricultural show — feria f agrícola

    • fashion show — pase m de modelos

    • motor show — salón m del automóvil

    • to be on show — estar expuesto

    flower 3., horse 2., Lord Mayor
    3) (=sight)
    4) (Theat)
    a) (=performance) espectáculo m, función f

    • to go to a show — ir al teatro

    • the last show starts at 11 — la última función empieza a las 11

    • there is no show on Sundays — el domingo no hay función

    • to stage a show — montar un espectáculo

    b) (fig)

    • bad show! — ¡malo!

    • good show! * — ¡muy bien hecho!

    to put up a good show * — dar buena cuenta de sí, hacer un buen papel

    • on with the show!, the show must go on! — ¡que siga el espectáculo!

    • to put up a poor show * — no dar buena cuenta de sí, hacer un mal papel

    - give the show away
    - steal the show
    5) (Rad, TV) programa m
    6) (=outward appearance) apariencia f

    • it's all show with him — en su caso todo es apariencia, todo lo hace para impresionar

    • to do sth for show — hacer algo para impresionar

    it's just for show — (behaviour) es para impresionar nada más; (object) (=for decoration) es solo un adorno; (=not real) es de adorno

    • the party made a show of unity at its conference — el partido presentó una fachada de gran unidad en su congreso

    7) (=affected display) alarde m

    • to make a great show of sympathy — hacer un gran alarde de compasión

    8) * (=organization)

    • who's in charge of this show? — ¿quién manda aquí?

    • this is my show — aquí mando yo

    • he runs the show — manda él, él es el amo

    2. VT
    1) (gen) enseñar, mostrar

    to show sb sth, show sth to sb — enseñar or mostrar algo a algn

    have I shown you my hat? — ¿te he enseñado or mostrado ya mi sombrero?

    he showed me his new car — me enseñó or mostró su nuevo coche

    to show o.s.: she won't show herself here again — no volverá a dejarse ver por aquí

    come on, show yourself! — vamos, ¡sal de ahí!

    it shows itself in his speech — se revela en su forma de hablar, se le nota en el habla

    • to show one's cards or one's hand — (lit) poner las cartas boca arriba; (fig) descubrir el juego

    • don't show your face here again — no te vuelvas a dejar ver por aquí

    • she likes to show her legs — le gusta enseñar or frm hacer exhibición de sus piernas

    • he had nothing to show for his trouble — no vió recompensado su esfuerzo, no le lució nada el esfuerzo

    • to show one's passport — mostrar or presentar su pasaporte

    2) (=exhibit) [+ paintings] exhibir; [+ goods] exponer; [+ film] proyectar, pasar; [+ slides] proyectar; (Theat) representar, dar *
    3) (=indicate) [dial, gauge, instrument] marcar

    the speedometer shows a speed of... — el velocímetro marca...

    it shows 200 degrees — marca or indica 200 grados

    • the clock shows two o'clock — el reloj marca las dos

    • the figures show a rise — las cifras arrojan un aumento

    • as shown in the illustration — como se ve en el grabado

    • to show a loss/ profit — (Comm) arrojar un saldo negativo/positivo

    4) (=demonstrate) demostrar

    to show that... — demostrar que..., hacer ver que...

    it just goes to show (that)... — queda demostrado (que)...

    I showed him that this could not be true — le hice ver or demostré que esto no podía ser cierto

    • this shows him to be a coward — esto deja manifiesto lo cobarde que es, esto demuestra que es un cobarde

    • I'll show him! * — ¡ya va a ver!, ¡ese se va a enterar!

    • to show what one is made of — demostrar de lo que uno es capaz

    5) (=express, manifest) demostrar

    • to show one's affection — demostrar su cariño

    • she showed great courage — demostró gran valentía

    • to show his disagreement, he... — para mostrar su disconformidad, él...

    • he showed no fear — no demostró tener miedo, no mostró ningún miedo

    • she showed great intelligence — demostró ser muy inteligente, mostró gran inteligencia

    • she showed no reaction — no acusó reacción alguna

    • the choice of dishes shows excellent taste — la selección de platos demuestra or muestra un gusto muy fino

    6) (=reveal)

    • she's beginning to show her age — ya empieza a aparentar su edad

    • white shoes soon show the dirt — los zapatos blancos pronto dejan ver la suciedad

    • to show o.s. incompetent — descubrir su incompetencia, mostrarse incompetente

    7) (=direct, conduct)

    • to show sb to the door — acompañar a algn a la puerta

    to show sb the door — (fig) echar a algn con cajas destempladas

    • to show sb into a room — hacer que pase algn, hacer entrar a algn en un cuarto

    • to show sb over or round a house — enseñar a algn una casa

    they showed us round the garden — nos mostraron or enseñaron el jardín

    who is going to show us round? — ¿quién actuará de guía?, ¿quién será nuestro guía?

    • to show sb to his seat — acompañar a algn a su asiento

    • to show sb the way — señalar el camino a algn

    3. VI
    1) [stain, emotion, underskirt] notarse, verse

    it doesn't show — no se ve, no se nota

    fear showed on her face — se le notaba or frm manifestaba el miedo en la cara

    don't worry, it won't show — no te preocupes, no se notará

    "I've never been riding before" - "it shows" — -nunca había montado a caballo antes -se nota

    2) [film]

    there's a horror film showing at the Odeon — están pasando or (LAm) dando una película de horror en el Odeón

    3) (=demonstrate)

    it just goes to show that...! — ¡hay que ver que...!

    4) (esp US) (also: show up) (=arrive) venir, aparecer
    4.
    CPD

    show apartment N — (Brit) apartamento m modelo, piso m piloto (Sp), departamento m piloto or modelo (LAm)

    show bill N — cartel m

    show biz *, show business N — el mundo del espectáculo

    showbiz column, showbiz reporter

    show flat N — (Brit) apartamento m modelo, piso m piloto (Sp), departamento m piloto or modelo (LAm)

    show home, show house N — (Brit) casa f modelo, casa f piloto

    show jumper N — participante mf en concursos de saltos or de hípica

    show jumping N — concursos mpl de saltos or de hípica

    show ring N — pista f de exhibición

    show trial N — proceso m organizado con fines propagandísticos

    * * *

    I
    1. [ʃeʊ]
    (past showed; past p shown or showed) transitive verb
    1)
    a) \<\<photograph/passport\>\> mostrar*, enseñar

    to show somebody something, to show something TO somebody — mostrarle* algo a alguien

    to have nothing/something to show for something: they had little/nothing to show for their years of work vieron poco/no vieron recompensados sus años de trabajo; she has something to show for her efforts — sus esfuerzos han dado fruto or le han reportado algo

    b) \<\<feelings\>\> demostrar*, exteriorizar*; \<\<interest/enthusiasm/taste\>\> demostrar*, mostrar*; \<\<courage\>\> demostrar* (tener)

    he shows her no respect — no le tiene ningún respeto, le falta al respeto

    could you show me the way? — ¿me podría indicar el camino?

    2)
    a) (depict, present)

    does the map show places of interest? — ¿están señalados or marcados en el mapa los lugares de interés?

    as shown in fig. 2 — como se indica or se muestra en la figura 2

    b) (record, register) \<\<barometer/dial/indicator\>\> marcar*, señalar, indicar*; \<\<profit/loss\>\> arrojar
    3)
    a) ( demonstrate) \<\<truth/importance\>\> demostrar*
    b) ( teach) enseñar

    I'll show them! — (colloq) ya van a ver!

    4) ( by accompanying) (+ adv compl)

    he showed us to our seats — nos llevó or nos acompañó hasta nuestros asientos

    to show somebody in — hacer* pasar a alguien

    to show somebody over a building — mostrarle* or enseñarle a alguien un edificio

    5)
    a) ( screen) \<\<movie\>\> dar*, pasar, proyectar (frml), poner* (Esp); \<\<program\>\> dar*, poner* (Esp), emitir (frml); \<\<slides\>\> pasar, proyectar (frml)
    b) ( exhibit) \<\<paintings/sculpture\>\> exponer*, exhibir; \<\<horse/dog\>\> presentar, exponer*

    2.
    vi
    1) ( be visible) \<\<dirt/stain\>\> verse*, notarse; \<\<emotion/scar\>\> notarse

    I did it in a hurry - yes, it shows! — lo hice deprisa y corriendo - sí, se nota! or sí, y así quedó!

    to show through — verse*

    2)
    a) ( be screened) ( Cin)

    it's showing at the Trocadero — la están dando en el Trocadero, la ponen en el Trocadero (Esp)

    b) ( exhibit) \<\<artist\>\> exponer*, exhibir
    3) ( turn up) (colloq) aparecer*

    3.
    v refl
    a) ( become visible) \<\<person\>\> asomarse, dejarse ver
    b) ( prove to be) demostrar* ser; ( turn out to be) resultar ser
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    1) c ( exhibition) ( Art) exposición f

    agricultural show — feria f agrícola y ganadera, exposición f rural (RPl)

    boat show — salón m náutico

    to be on show — estar* expuesto or en exhibición

    to put something on show — exponer* algo; (before n)

    show house — (BrE) casa f piloto

    2) c
    a) ( stage production) espectáculo m

    to get the show on the road — (colloq) poner* manos a la obra

    let's get this show on the road — manos a la obra!

    to steal the show — \<\<actor\>\> robarse el espectáculo, llevarse todos los aplausos

    b) (on television, radio) programa m
    3) (no pl)
    a) ( display) muestra f, demostración f

    I made a show of enthusiasm — fingí estar entusiasmado; alarde m

    4) (colloq) (no pl)
    a) (activity, organization) asunto m

    to run the show — llevar la voz cantante, llevar la batuta (fam), ser* el amo del cotarro (fam)

    b) ( performance) (BrE)

    to put up a good/poor show — hacer* un buen/mal papel, defenderse* bien/mal

    good show! — espléndido!, bravo!

    English-spanish dictionary > show

  • 15 swap

    [swɔp] 1. гл.; = swop
    1)
    а) менять, обменивать

    to swap smth. for smth. — менять что-л. на что-л.

    to swap smth. with smb. — меняться чем.-л с кем-л.

    Once, in order to put food on the table, he swapped his watch for a pig! — Однажды, чтобы добыть еды, он обменял свои часы на поросёнка.

    He swapped clothes with his brother. — Он поменялся одеждой со своим братом.

    We need to swap ideas. — Нам нужно обменяться идеями.

    The girls sat, swapping gossip. — Девушки сидели и сплетничали.

    Will you swap places, please? — Пожалуйста, поменяйтесь местами.

    б) меняться, обмениваться

    I wonder if we could swap? — Интересно, мы могли бы поменяться?

    He swapped his car for public transport. — Он пересел на общественный транспорт.

    3) = swap (a)round

    Do you think we could swap the bookcase with the sofa? — Как думаешь, можно поменять местами книжный шкаф и диван?

    After a few minutes, we'll swap (a)round so that you can have a good view. — Через несколько минут мы поменяемся местами, и вы сможете всё рассмотреть.

    4) = swap over меняться ( работой)

    First I'll talk to you, and my friend will take notes and later we'll swap over. — Сначала беседовать с вами буду я, а мой друг будет всё записывать, а потом мы с ним поменяемся местами.

    5) разг.
    а) увольнять; быть уволенным
    ••

    Never swap horses while crossing the stream. посл. — Коней на переправе не меняют.

    2. сущ.; = swop
    1) разг.
    а) только ед. мена, обмен

    I like your doll better; let's do a swap. — Твоя кукла мне больше нравится, давай меняться.

    Syn:
    б) замена (кому-л. / чему-л.)
    ••
    - get the swap
    - have the swap

    Англо-русский современный словарь > swap

  • 16 Hosiery Yarns

    (See knitting). All yarns used for knitting are termed hosiery yarns in Leicester, but in America only yarns actually used for knitted footwear come under this term. These yarns are much softer than required for weaving. Miscellaneous Yarns - Goat wools, such as llama and alpaca are employed in spinning. yarns for the knitting trade. Vicuna and camel yarns are used to a limited extent. Ramie yarn is specially employed for knitting gas mantle fabrics. Soft spun flax yams have been used for making underwear fabric. Chenille and other manufactured threads are used to a small extent in warp knitting. Composite yarns, such as union yarns - spun from a mixture of wool and cotton fibres; cordon yarns - cotton and worsted singles, doubled together; wool and rayon or spun silk, cotton and rayon or spun silk are largely used to produce self or two-colour effects. Fancy yarns, such as slub yams, voiles, and curled and loop yarns are also employed. Hosiery Yarns (Cotton) include condenser, hosiery, condenser lisle thread, mercerised and sewing cottons. Condenser yarns are spun in coarse counts from low-grade cotton, Indian and American. They are carded, condensed and mule spun, and possess little twist. Hosiery cotton yarns vary considerably in counts and qualities, practically all varieties of Indian, American and Egyptian being used in varying proportions to obtain suitable mixture for quality and price. Cheaper yarns are carded and mule spun. American and Egyptian cotton yarns are combed mainly with the object of removing seed particles. High-class Egyptian and Sea Islands cotton yarns are super-combed. The chief features of a hosiery cotton yam should be: (1) Regularity; (2) cleanliness; (3) fullness. Regularity prevents the making of cloudy fabric, showing thick and thin places. Cleanliness is essential, as the seed particles clog the eyelet hole in the yam guides and cause breakages. Fullness is desirable to cover the loop interstices. Elasticity and pliability are quite as essential as tensile strength. Yams are usually soft spun and if two-fold soft doubled, average twists in two-fold being 2/10's 61/2T., 2/20's 81/2T., 2/30's 10T., 2/40's 16T., 2/80's 20T. Softer twist less 25 to 30 per cent of average (T= turns per inch). Lisle thread is a comparatively hard-twisted and doubly-gassed thread in which there are no projecting fibres. It is always of a two-fold character, and the doubling twist varies from 24 to 34 turns per inch in 2/60's. It is used largely in the manufacture of ladies' hose tops and feet and for lace hosiery. Mercerised yams are used largely in the fancy trade, a comparatively soft twist again being employed. Sewing cottons for seaming, linking and making-up are specially prepared in two to six cord open and reverse twist. Woollen and Worsted Yarns include lamb's wool, wheeling, skein yarns, gala yams (woollens), worsted, crossbreds, fingering, cashmere, dry spun botany (see under each name). Worsted and crossbred yarns of various qualities are used. These yams are spun softly with " hosiery twist." The drawing may be open, cone or French, and the spinning may take place on cap, ring or flyer frames. The chief essentials of hosiery yarn are softness of fibre, fullness, minimum of twist consistent with the requisite tensile strength, regularity, pliability and elasticity. Cashmere Yarns, as used in the knitted goods industry, are spun from short, loose and weak wools as well as from better qualities by French drawing and mule spinning. A small proportion of real cashmere is used for outer garments. In recent years nylon yarns have been largely employed.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Hosiery Yarns

  • 17 for

    1. preposition
    1) (representing, on behalf of, in exchange against) für; (in place of) für; anstelle von

    what is the German for "buzz"? — wie heißt "buzz" auf Deutsch?

    2) (in defence, support, or favour of) für

    be for doing something — dafür sein, etwas zu tun

    it's each [man] or every man for himself — jeder ist auf sich selbst gestellt

    3) (to the benefit of) für
    4) (with a view to) für; (conducive[ly] to) zu

    they invited me for Christmas/Monday/supper — sie haben mich zu Weihnachten/für Montag/zum Abendessen eingeladen

    what is it for? — wofür/wozu ist das?

    5) (being the motive of) für; (having as purpose) zu

    take somebody for a ride in the car/a walk — jemanden im Auto spazieren fahren/mit jemandem einen Spaziergang machen

    work for a living — für den Lebensunterhalt arbeiten

    run/jump etc. for it — loslaufen/-springen usw.

    7) (to reach) nach

    set out for England/the north/an island — nach England/Norden/zu einer Insel aufbrechen

    8) (to be received by) für

    that's Jim for you — das sieht Jim mal wieder ähnlich

    be dressed/ready for dinner — zum Dinner angezogen/fertig sein

    have something for breakfast/pudding — etwas zum Frühstück/Nachtisch haben

    enough... for — genug... für

    too... for — zu... für

    there is nothing for it but to do something — es gibt keine andere Möglichkeit, als etwas zu tun

    10) (to the amount of)

    cheque/ bill for £5 — Scheck/Rechnung über od. in Höhe von 5 Pfund

    things don't look very promising for the business — was die Geschäfte angeht, sieht das alles nicht sehr vielversprechend aus

    it is wise/advisable for somebody to do something — es ist vernünftig/ratsam, dass jemand etwas tut

    it's hopeless for me to try and explain the system — es ist sinnlos, dir das System erklären zu wollen

    12) (as being) für

    I/you etc. for one — ich/ du usw. für mein[en]/dein[en] usw. Teil

    famous/well-known for something — berühmt/ bekannt wegen od. für etwas

    jump/ shout for joy — vor Freude in die Luft springen/schreien

    were it not for you/ your help, I should not be able to do it — ohne dich/deine Hilfe wäre ich nicht dazu in der Lage

    for all... — trotz...

    for all that,... — trotzdem...

    16) (on account of the hindrance of) vor (+ Dat.)

    for fear of... — aus Angst vor (+ Dat.)

    but for..., except for... — wenn nicht... gewesen wäre, [dann]...

    17) (so far as concerns)

    for all I know/care... — möglicherweise/was mich betrifft,...

    for one thing,... — zunächst einmal...

    18) (considering the usual nature of) für
    19) (during) seit

    we've/we haven't been here for three years — wir sind seit drei Jahren hier/nicht mehr hier gewesen

    we waited for hours/three hours — wir warteten stundenlang/drei Stunden lang

    sit here for now or for the moment — bleiben Sie im Augenblick hier sitzen

    20) (to the extent of)

    walk for 20 miles/for another 20 miles — 20 Meilen [weit] gehen/weiter gehen

    21)

    be for it — (coll.) dran sein (ugs.); sich auf was gefasst machen können (ugs.)

    2. conjunction
    (since, as proof) denn
    * * *
    [fo:] 1. preposition
    1) (to be given or sent to: This letter is for you.) für
    2) (towards; in the direction of: We set off for London.) nach
    3) (through a certain time or distance: for three hours; for three miles.) für
    4) (in order to have, get, be etc: He asked me for some money; Go for a walk.) nach
    5) (in return; as payment: He paid $2 for his ticket.) für
    6) (in order to be prepared: He's getting ready for the journey.) für
    7) (representing: He is the member of parliament for Hull.) für
    8) (on behalf of: Will you do it for me?)
    9) (in favour of: Are you for or against the plan?) dafür
    10) (because of: for this reason.) wegen, aus
    11) (having a particular purpose: She gave me money for the bus fare.) für
    12) (indicating an ability or an attitude to: a talent for baking; an ear for music.) für
    13) (as being: They mistook him for someone else.) für
    14) (considering what is used in the case of: It is quite warm for January (= considering that it is January when it is usually cold).) für
    15) (in spite of: For all his money, he didn't seem happy.) trotz
    2. conjunction
    (because: It must be late, for I have been here a long time.) denn
    * * *
    [fɔ:ʳ, fəʳ, AM fɔ:r, fɚ]
    I. conj ( liter or dated) denn
    II. prep
    1. (intended to be given to) für + akk
    I bought a new collar \for my dog ich habe ein neues Halsband für meinen Hund gekauft
    this is a birthday present \for you hier ist ein Geburtstagsgeschenk für dich
    there are government subsidies available \for farmers für Bauern gibt es Zuschüsse vom Staat
    to vote \for sb/sth für jdn/etw stimmen
    they voted \for independence in a referendum sie haben sich in einem Referendum für die Unabhängigkeit ausgesprochen
    ▪ to be \for sb/sth für jdn/etw sein
    his followers are still \for him seine Anhänger unterstützen ihn noch immer
    to be \for a good cause für einen guten Zweck sein
    to be all \for sth ganz für etw akk sein
    to be \for doing sth dafür sein, dass etw getan wird
    are you \for banning smoking in public places? sind Sie dafür, das Rauchen in der Öffentlichkeit zu verbieten?
    3. (regarding sb) für + akk
    I'm happy \for you that it finally worked out ich freue mich für dich, dass es endlich geklappt hat
    you're not making it easy \for me to tell you the truth du machst es mir nicht gerade einfach, dir die Wahrheit zu sagen
    the coffee was too strong \for me der Kaffee war mir zu stark
    luckily \for me, I already had another job zu meinem Glück hatte ich bereits eine andere Stelle
    the admiration she felt \for him soon died ihre Bewunderung für ihn war schnell verflogen
    is this seat high enough \for you? ist Ihnen dieser Sitz hoch genug?
    I feel sorry \for her sie tut mir leid
    to feel nothing but contempt \for sb/sth nichts als Verachtung für jdn/etw empfinden
    ▪ to be concerned \for sb/sth um jdn/etw besorgt sein
    to feel \for sb mit jdm fühlen
    as \for me was mich betrifft [o angeht]
    Jackie's already left and, as \for me, I'm going at the end of the month Jackie ist schon weg, und was mich angeht, ich gehe Ende des Monats
    4. (regarding sth) für + akk
    how are you doing \for money? wie sieht es bei dir mit dem Geld aus?
    \for my part was mich betrifft
    \for all I know möglicherweise
    \for all I know, he could have left the country möglicherweise hat er schon das Land verlassen
    to be responsible \for sth für etw akk verantwortlich sein
    to prepare \for sth sich akk auf etw akk vorbereiten
    5. (comparing) für + akk
    the summer has been quite hot \for England für England war das ein ziemlich heißer Sommer
    ▪ to be too big/fast \for sb/sth zu groß/schnell für jdn/etw sein
    she's very mature \for her age sie ist für ihr Alter schon sehr reif
    the weather is warm \for the time of year für diese Jahreszeit ist das Wetter mild
    he's quite thoughtful \for a child of 8 für einen Achtjährigen ist er ziemlich rücksichtsvoll
    6. (to get, have)
    oh \for something to drink! hätte ich doch bloß etwas zu trinken!
    oh \for a strong black coffee! und jetzt einen starken schwarzen Kaffee!
    he did it \for the fame er tat es, um berühmt zu werden
    even though he's in this \for the money, we still need him auch wenn er es nur wegen des Geldes tut, wir brauchen ihn
    she's eager \for a chance to show that she's a capable worker sie möchte gerne beweisen, dass sie eine fähige Mitarbeiterin ist
    demand \for money Bedarf m an Geld
    to send \for the doctor den Arzt holen
    to apply \for a job sich akk um eine Stelle bewerben
    to have a need \for sth etw brauchen
    to look \for a way to do sth nach einer Möglichkeit suchen, etw zu tun
    to ask \for sth um etw akk bitten
    7. (on behalf of, representing) für + akk
    he's an agent \for models and actors er ist Agent für Models und Schauspieler
    next time you see them, say hi \for me grüß sie von mir, wenn du sie wieder siehst
    the messenger was there \for his boss der Bote war in Vertretung seines Chefs dort
    to do sth \for sb etw für jdn tun
    to do sth \for oneself etw selbst tun
    8. (as ordered by) für + akk
    ▪ to do sth \for sb/sth etw für jdn/etw tun
    they had to do extra work \for their boss sie mussten noch zusätzliche Arbeiten für ihren Chef erledigen
    I have some things to do \for school ich muss noch etwas für die Schule machen
    9. (employed by) bei + dat
    she is a tutor \for the Open University sie ist Tutorin an der Fernuniversität
    to work \for sb/sth bei jdm/etw [o für jdn/etw] arbeiten
    10. (purpose, aim) für + akk
    what's that \for? wofür ist das?
    that's useful \for removing rust damit kann man gut Rost entfernen
    that's not \for eating das ist nicht zum Essen
    a course \for beginners in Russian ein Russischkurs für Anfänger
    \for your information zu Ihrer Information
    \for the record der Ordnung halber
    the spokesman told the press \for the record that the president was in good health der Sprecher sagte der Presse für das Protokoll, der Präsident sei bei guter Gesundheit
    for rent/sale zu vermieten/verkaufen
    bikes \for rent Räder zu vermieten
    to be not \for sale unverkäuflich sein
    to wait \for sb/sth auf jdn/etw warten
    to wait \for sb to do sth darauf warten, dass jd etw tut
    ▪ to do sth \for sth/sb etw für etw/jdn tun
    what did you do that \for? wozu hast du das getan?
    what do you use these enormous scissors \for? wozu brauchst du diese riesige Schere?
    he is taking medication \for his heart condition er nimmt Medikamente für sein Herz
    you need to move closer \for me to hear you du musst ein bisschen näher herkommen, damit ich dich hören kann
    11. (because of) wegen + gen; (out of) aus + dat; (with) vor + dat
    I don't eat meat \for various reasons ich esse aus verschiedenen Gründen kein Fleisch
    I could dance and sing \for joy! ich könnte vor Freude tanzen und singen!
    he apologized \for being late er entschuldigte sich wegen seiner Verspätung
    Bob was looking all the better \for his three weeks in Spain nach seinen drei Wochen Spanien sah Bob viel besser aus
    how are you? — fine, and all the better \for seeing you! wie geht's? — gut, und jetzt wo ich dich sehe, gleich noch viel besser!
    I could not see \for the tears in my eyes ich konnte vor Tränen in den Augen gar nicht sehen
    if it hadn't been \for him, we wouldn't be here right now ( form) ohne ihn wären wir jetzt nicht hier
    \for fear of sth aus Angst vor etw dat
    \for lack of sth aus Mangel an etw dat
    to be arrested \for murder wegen Mordes verhaftet werden
    \for that [or this] reason aus diesem Grund
    to be famous \for sth für etw akk berühmt sein
    to love sb \for sth jdn für etw akk lieben
    she loves him just \for being himself sie liebt ihn einfach dafür, dass er so ist, wie er ist
    12. (as destination) nach + dat
    this train is \for Birmingham dieser Zug fährt nach Birmingham
    he made \for home in a hurry er eilte schnell nach Hause
    just follow signs \for the town centre folgen Sie einfach den Schildern in die Innenstadt
    to go \for sb [with one's fists] [mit den Fäusten] auf jdn losgehen
    to run \for sb/sth zu jdm/etw laufen
    I had to run \for the bus ich musste laufen, um den Bus noch zu kriegen
    13. (meaning)
    to be \for sth für etw akk stehen
    A is \for ‘airlines’ A steht für ‚Airlines‘
    to stand \for sth etw bedeuten, für etw akk stehen
    what does the M.J. stand \for? María José? was bedeutet M.J.? María José?
    what's the Spanish word \for ‘vegetarian’? was heißt ‚Vegetarier‘ auf Spanisch?
    14. (in return, exchange) für + akk
    she paid a high price \for loyalty to her boss sie hat einen hohen Preis für die Loyalität zu ihrem Chef gezahlt
    that's \for cheating on me! das ist dafür, dass du mich betrogen hast!
    how much did you pay \for your glasses? wie viel hast du für deine Brille gezahlt?
    a cheque \for £100 eine Scheck über 100 Pfund
    not \for a million dollars [or \for all the world] um nichts in der Welt
    I wouldn't go out with him \for a million dollars ich würde für kein Geld der Welt mit ihm ausgehen
    to do sth \for nothing etw umsonst machen
    to buy/sell sth \for 100 euro/a lot of money etw für 100 Euro/viel Geld kaufen/verkaufen
    you can buy a bestseller \for about £6 Sie bekommen einen Bestseller schon für 6 Pfund
    to trade sth \for sth etw gegen etw akk [ein]tauschen
    15. (with a period of time) für + akk; (ongoing) seit + dat
    I'm just going to sleep \for half an hour ich lege mich mal eine halbe Stunde schlafen
    he was jailed \for twelve years er musste für zwölf Jahre ins Gefängnis
    my father has been smoking \for 10 years mein Vater raucht seit 10 Jahren
    \for the next two days in den beiden nächsten Tagen
    \for a bit/while ein bisschen/eine Weile
    play here \for a while! spiel doch mal ein bisschen hier!
    I'm just going out \for a while ich gehe mal kurz raus fam
    \for eternity/ever bis in alle Ewigkeit
    this pact is \for ever dieser Pakt gilt für immer und ewig
    \for the moment im Augenblick
    \for a time eine Zeit lang
    \for a long time seit Langem
    I hadn't seen him \for such a long time that I didn't recognize him ich hatte ihn schon so lange nicht mehr gesehen, dass ich ihn nicht erkannte
    \for some time seit Längerem
    \for the time being für den Augenblick, vorübergehend
    16. (a distance of)
    \for a kilometre/mile einen Kilometer/eine Meile
    he always jogs \for 5 kilometres before breakfast er joggt immer 5 Kilometer vor dem Frühstück
    17. (at a certain date, time, occasion) für + akk
    he booked a table at the restaurant \for nine o'clock er reservierte in dem Restaurant einen Tisch für neun Uhr
    they set their wedding date \for September 15 sie setzten ihre Hochzeit für den 15. September fest
    I need some money \for tonight ich brauche etwas Geld für heute Abend
    what did you buy him \for Christmas? was hast du ihm zu Weihnachten gekauft?
    he arrived at 8.00 \for dinner at 8.30 er kam um acht zu dem für halb neun verabredeten Abendessen
    to invite sb \for dinner/lunch jdn zum Abendessen/Mittagessen einladen
    \for the first time zum ersten Mal
    \for the [very] last time zum [aller]letzten Mal
    \for the first/second time running im ersten/zweiten Durchlauf
    18. (despite) trotz + gen
    , ungeachtet +gen geh
    \for all that trotz alledem
    \for all his effort, the experiment was a failure das Experiment war trotz all seiner Anstrengungen ein Fehlschlag
    19. (per) für + akk
    there is one teacher \for every 25 students in our school in unserer Schule kommt auf 25 Schüler ein Lehrer
    \for every cigarette you smoke, you take off one day of your life mit jeder Zigarette, die du rauchst, verkürzt sich dein Leben um einen Tag
    to repeat sth word \for word etw Wort für Wort wiederholen
    20. (the duty of)
    ▪ to [not] be \for sb to do sth [nicht] jds Sache sein, etw zu tun
    it's not \for me to tell her what to do es ist nicht meine Aufgabe, ihr vorzuschreiben, was sie zu tun hat
    the decision is not \for him to make die Entscheidung liegt nicht bei ihm
    21. (as) für + akk
    she thought it \for a lie but didn't say anything sie hielt es für gelogen, sagte aber nichts
    I \for one am sick of this bickering ich für meinen Teil habe genug von diesem Gezänk
    22.
    ▶ \for Africa SA ( fam) Unmengen + gen
    I've got homework \for Africa ich habe noch jede Menge Hausaufgaben fam
    ▶ to be [in] \for it ( fam) Schwierigkeiten bekommen
    you're in \for it! jetzt bist du dran! fam
    ▶ \for crying out loud um Himmels willen
    ▶ an eye \for an eye Auge um Auge
    ▶ that's Jane/Mark/etc. \for you so ist Jane/Mark/etc. eben!, das sieht Jane/Mark/etc. mal wieder ähnlich!, das ist wieder mal typisch für Jane/Mark/etc.!
    that's children \for you! so sind Kinder eben!
    ▶ that's/there's sth \for you ( pej)
    there's gratitude \for you! und so was nennt sich Dankbarkeit! fam
    there's manners \for you! das sind [mir] ja schöne Manieren! iron fam
    * * *
    I [fɔː(r)]
    1. prep
    1) (intention) für; (purpose) zu, für; (destination) nach

    clothes for children — Kleidung f für Kinder, Kinderkleidung f

    what for? — wofür?, wozu?

    what did you do that for? —

    a room for working in/sewing — ein Zimmer zum Arbeiten/Nähen

    a bag for carrying books (in) — eine Tasche, um Bücher zu tragen

    fit for nothing —

    ready for anything —

    this will do for a hammer — das kann man als Hammer nehmen

    to leave for the USA — in die USA or nach Amerika abreisen

    he swam for the shore — er schwamm auf die Küste zu, er schwamm in Richtung Küste

    2)

    (indicating suitability) it's not for you to ask questions — Sie haben kein Recht, Fragen zu stellen

    it's not for me to say — es steht mir nicht zu, mich dazu zu äußern

    3)

    (= representing, instead of) I'll speak to her for you if you like —

    I need someone to make up my mind for me — ich brauche jemanden, der die Entscheidung für mich trifft

    she works for a bank (in the bank) — sie arbeitet bei or in einer Bank; (outside the bank) sie arbeitet für eine Bank

    4) (= in defence, in favour of) für

    I'm all for it — ich bin ganz or sehr dafür

    I'm all for helping him —

    5)

    (= with regard to) anxious for sb — um jdn besorgt

    as for him/that — was ihn/das betrifft

    warm/cold for the time of year — warm/kalt für die Jahreszeit

    6) (= because of) aus

    he did it for fear of being left — er tat es aus Angst, zurückgelassen zu werden

    he is famous for his jokes/his big nose — er ist für seine Witze bekannt/wegen seiner großen Nase berühmt

    do it for me — tu es für mich

    7) (= in spite of) trotz (+gen or (inf) +dat)

    for all that, you should have warned me — Sie hätten mich trotz allem warnen sollen

    8) (= in exchange) für

    to pay four euros for a ticket — vier Euro für eine Fahrkarte zahlen

    he'll do it for ten pounds —

    9)

    (= in contrast) for every job that is created, two are lost — für jede Stelle, die neu geschaffen wird, gehen zwei verloren

    10) (in time) seit; (with future tense) für

    I had/have known her for years — ich kannte/kenne sie schon seit Jahren

    he won't be back for a week — er wird erst in einer Woche zurück sein

    can you get it done for Monday/this time next week? — können Sie es bis or für Montag/bis in einer Woche fertig haben?

    for a while/time — (für) eine Weile/einige Zeit

    11)

    (distance) the road is lined with trees for two miles — die Straße ist auf or über zwei Meilen mit Bäumen gesäumt

    12)

    (with verbs) to pray for peace — für den or um Frieden beten

    See:
    → vbs
    13) (after n: indicating liking, aptitude etc) für

    his knack for saying the wrong thing — sein Talent, das Falsche zu sagen

    14)

    (with infin clauses) for this to be possible — damit dies möglich wird

    it's easy for him to do it — für ihn ist es leicht, das zu tun, er kann das leicht tun

    I brought it for you to see — ich habe es mitgebracht, damit Sie es sich (dat) ansehen können

    the best thing would be for you to leave — das Beste wäre, wenn Sie weggingen

    their one hope is for him to return — ihre einzige Hoffnung ist, dass er zurückkommt

    15)

    (phrases) to do sth for oneself — etw alleine tun

    2. conj
    denn
    3. adj pred
    (= in favour) dafür

    17 were for, 13 against — 17 waren dafür, 13 dagegen

    II abbr frei Bahn
    * * *
    for [fɔː(r); unbetont fə(r)]
    A präp
    1. allg für:
    it was very awkward for her es war sehr peinlich für sie, es war ihr sehr unangenehm;
    he spoilt their holidays (bes US vacation) for them er verdarb ihnen den ganzen Urlaub;
    she brought a letter for me to sign sie brachte mir einen Brief zur Unterschrift
    2. für, zugunsten von:
    a gift for him ein Geschenk für ihn;
    this letter is for me dieser Brief ist an mich;
    for and against für und wider; → academic.ru/69264/speak_for">speak for 1
    3. für, (mit der Absicht) zu, um (… willen):
    apply for the post sich um die Stellung bewerben;
    die for a cause für eine Sache sterben;
    come for dinner zum Essen kommen
    4. (Wunsch, Ziel) nach, auf (akk):
    a claim for sth ein Anspruch auf eine Sache;
    the desire for sth der Wunsch oder das Verlangen nach etwas;
    call for sb nach jemandem rufen;
    wait for sth auf etwas warten;
    oh, for a car! ach, hätte ich doch nur ein Auto!
    b) (bestimmt) für oder zu:
    tools for cutting Werkzeuge zum Schneiden, Schneidewerkzeuge;
    the right man for the job der richtige Mann für diesen Posten
    6. (Mittel) gegen:
    treat sb for cancer jemanden gegen oder auf Krebs behandeln;
    there is nothing for it but to give in es bleibt nichts (anderes) übrig, als nachzugeben
    8. (als Entgelt) für, gegen, um:
    I sold it for £10 ich verkaufte es für 10 Pfund
    9. (im Tausch) für, gegen:
    10. (Betrag, Menge) über (akk):
    a postal order for £2
    11. (Grund) aus, vor (dat), wegen:
    for this reason aus diesem Grund;
    die for grief aus oder vor Gram sterben;
    weep for joy aus oder vor Freude weinen;
    I can’t see for the fog ich kann nichts sehen wegen des Nebels oder vor lauter Nebel;
    she couldn’t speak for laughing sie konnte vor (lauter) Lachen nicht sprechen
    12. (als Strafe etc) für, wegen:
    13. dank, wegen:
    were it not for his energy wenn er nicht so energisch wäre, dank seiner Energie;
    if it wasn’t for him wenn er nicht wäre, ohne ihn; he would never have done it, if it hadn’t been for me talking him into it wenn ich ihn nicht dazu überredet hätte
    14. für, in Anbetracht (gen), im Hinblick auf (akk), im Verhältnis zu:
    he is tall for his age er ist groß für sein Alter;
    it is rather cold for July es ist ziemlich kalt für Juli;
    for a foreigner he speaks English fairly well für einen Ausländer spricht er recht gut Englisch
    15. (Begabung, Neigung) für, (Hang) zu:
    an eye for beauty Sinn für das Schöne
    16. (zeitlich) für, während, auf (akk), für die Dauer von, seit:
    for a week eine Woche (lang);
    come for a week komme auf oder für eine Woche;
    for hours stundenlang;
    for a ( oder some) time past seit längerer Zeit;
    for a long time past schon seit Langem;
    not for a long time noch lange nicht;
    the first picture for two months der erste Film in oder seit zwei Monaten;
    for months ahead auf Monate (hinaus)
    17. (Strecke) weit, lang:
    run for a mile eine Meile (weit) laufen
    18. nach, auf (akk), in Richtung auf (akk):
    the train for London der Zug nach London;
    the passengers for Rome die nach Rom reisenden Passagiere;
    start for Paris nach Paris abreisen;
    now for it! Br umg jetzt (nichts wie) los oder drauf!, jetzt gilt’s!
    19. für, anstelle von (oder gen), (an)statt:
    20. für, in Vertretung oder im Auftrag oder im Namen von (oder gen):
    act for sb in jemandes Auftrag handeln
    21. für, als:
    books for presents Bücher als Geschenk;
    they were sold for slaves sie wurden als Sklaven verkauft;
    take that for an answer nimm das als Antwort
    22. trotz (gen oder dat), ungeachtet (gen):
    for all that trotz alledem;
    for all his wealth trotz seines ganzen Reichtums, bei allem Reichtum;
    for all you may say sage, was du willst
    23. as for was … betrifft:
    as for me was mich betrifft oder an(be)langt;
    as for that matter was das betrifft;
    for all I know soviel ich weiß;
    for all of me meinetwegen, von mir aus
    24. nach adj und vor inf:
    it is too heavy for me to lift es ist so schwer, dass ich es nicht heben kann;
    it is impossible for me to come es ist mir unmöglich zu kommen, ich kann unmöglich kommen;
    it seemed useless for me to continue es erschien mir sinnlos, noch weiterzumachen
    25. mit s oder pron und inf:
    it is time for you to go home es ist Zeit, dass du heimgehst; es ist Zeit für dich heimzugehen;
    it is for you to decide die Entscheidung liegt bei Ihnen;
    a) es ist nicht deine Sache zu inf,
    b) es steht dir nicht zu inf;
    he called for the girl to bring him some tea er rief nach dem Mädchen und bat es, ihm Tee zu bringen;
    don’t wait for him to turn up yet wartet nicht darauf, dass er noch auftaucht;
    there is no need for anyone to know es braucht niemand zu wissen
    that’s a wine for you das ist vielleicht ein Weinchen, das nenne ich einen Wein
    27. US nach:
    B konj denn, weil, nämlich
    * * *
    1. preposition
    1) (representing, on behalf of, in exchange against) für; (in place of) für; anstelle von

    what is the German for "buzz"? — wie heißt "buzz" auf Deutsch?

    2) (in defence, support, or favour of) für

    be for doing something — dafür sein, etwas zu tun

    it's each [man] or every man for himself — jeder ist auf sich selbst gestellt

    4) (with a view to) für; (conducive[ly] to) zu

    they invited me for Christmas/Monday/supper — sie haben mich zu Weihnachten/für Montag/zum Abendessen eingeladen

    what is it for? — wofür/wozu ist das?

    6) (to obtain, win, save)

    take somebody for a ride in the car/a walk — jemanden im Auto spazieren fahren/mit jemandem einen Spaziergang machen

    run/jump etc. for it — loslaufen/-springen usw.

    7) (to reach) nach

    set out for England/the north/an island — nach England/Norden/zu einer Insel aufbrechen

    be dressed/ready for dinner — zum Dinner angezogen/fertig sein

    have something for breakfast/pudding — etwas zum Frühstück/Nachtisch haben

    enough... for — genug... für

    too... for — zu... für

    there is nothing for it but to do something — es gibt keine andere Möglichkeit, als etwas zu tun

    cheque/ bill for £5 — Scheck/Rechnung über od. in Höhe von 5 Pfund

    11) (to affect, as if affecting) für

    things don't look very promising for the business — was die Geschäfte angeht, sieht das alles nicht sehr vielversprechend aus

    it is wise/advisable for somebody to do something — es ist vernünftig/ratsam, dass jemand etwas tut

    it's hopeless for me to try and explain the system — es ist sinnlos, dir das System erklären zu wollen

    12) (as being) für

    I/you etc. for one — ich/ du usw. für mein[en]/dein[en] usw. Teil

    13) (on account of, as penalty of) wegen

    famous/well-known for something — berühmt/ bekannt wegen od. für etwas

    jump/ shout for joy — vor Freude in die Luft springen/schreien

    were it not for you/ your help, I should not be able to do it — ohne dich/deine Hilfe wäre ich nicht dazu in der Lage

    for all... — trotz...

    for all that,... — trotzdem...

    for fear of... — aus Angst vor (+ Dat.)

    but for..., except for... — wenn nicht... gewesen wäre, [dann]...

    for all I know/care... — möglicherweise/was mich betrifft,...

    for one thing,... — zunächst einmal...

    19) (during) seit

    we've/we haven't been here for three years — wir sind seit drei Jahren hier/nicht mehr hier gewesen

    we waited for hours/three hours — wir warteten stundenlang/drei Stunden lang

    sit here for now or for the moment — bleiben Sie im Augenblick hier sitzen

    walk for 20 miles/for another 20 miles — 20 Meilen [weit] gehen/weiter gehen

    21)

    be for it — (coll.) dran sein (ugs.); sich auf was gefasst machen können (ugs.)

    2. conjunction
    (since, as proof) denn
    * * *
    conj.
    als konj.
    denn konj.
    für konj.
    nach konj.
    zu konj.

    English-german dictionary > for

  • 18 set\ up

    1. III
    1) set up smth. /smth. up/ set up a tent (a scarecrow, a fence, posts, a statue, etc.) (по)ставить палатку и т.д.; set up a house (a building, a school, a factory, etc.) построить /возвести/ дом и т.д.; set up one's easel (a printing-press, etc.) установить мольберт и т.д.; set up a monument воздвигнуть монумент; set up a camp разбить лагерь; I set up a camera in the shade я установил фотоаппарат в тени
    2) set up smth. /smth. up/ set up a notice (a flag, a slogan, streamers, etc.) вывешивать объявление и т.д.
    3) set up smth. /smth. up/ set up a government (a state, a commission, etc.) создать /сформировать/правительство и т.д., set up a republic установить республику; set up a Cabinet (opposition, a board of directors, a tribunal, etc.) создать /сформировать/ кабинет и т.д.; set up a special committee учредить специальную комиссию; set up a company (a business, a newspaper, a fund, etc.) основать компанию и т.д.; we shall have to set up a new laboratory нам придется организовать /создать/ новую лабораторию; he set up a small bookshop он открыл небольшой книжный магазин и т.д.; they set up a bank robbery они организовали /устроили/ ограбление банка; set up friendly relations установить /наладить/ дружеские отношения
    4) set up smth. / smth. up/ set up new laws (new rules, a new economic order, an international control system, a quota, a custom, etc.) устанавливать /вводить/ новые законы и т.д.; set up a national control of electric power ввести государственный контроль над расходованием электроэнергии; set up a new principle (a theory, etc.) выдвигать новый принцип и т.д.; set up an original method предложить оригинальный метод; set up a program (me) (the main requirements, a new approach, etc.) разработать программу и т.д.; set up a defence построить /создать/ новую систему обороны; set up a record установить рекорд; set up a claim (a counter-claim, etc.) предъявлять иск и т.д.
    5) set up smth. /smth. up/ set up a howl (a terrific noise, a loud cry, etc.) поднимать вой и т.д.; set up a commotion (a row, a scuffling, etc.) устраивать волнения и т.д.; set up an alarm поднимать тревогу; the wheels set up a tremendous creaking колеса начали отчаянно скрипеть; the wind sets up a humming in the wires от ветра начинают гудеть провода; set up a rash (an inflammation, a swelling, infection, etc.) вызывать сыпь и т.д.
    6) set up smb. /smb. up/ coll. this medicine set him up это лекарство поставило его на ноги; the fresh country air set her up свежий деревенский воздух восстановил ее здоровье; а fortnight in the country (a holiday, a change of air, etc.) will set you up двухнедельное пребывание в деревне и т.д. вернет вам силы; you want some good walks (fresh air, some rest, etc.) to set you up для хорошего самочувствия вам необходимы /нужны, полезны/ длительные прогулки и т.д.
    7) set up smth. /smth. up/ print set up a page (a book, a manuscript, type, etc.) набирать полосу и т.д.
    2. IV
    1) set up smth. /smth. up/ in some manner set up ninepins again снова поднять /поставить/ [упавшие] кегли
    2) set up smb. /smb. up/ in some manner this fine air (a change of air, her holiday in the country, etc.) set her up again этот прекрасный воздух и т.д. вновь поставил ее на ноги; а summer in the camp sets up a boy wonderfully лето [пребывания] в лагере является прекрасной закалкой /тренировкой/ для мальчиков
    3. VII
    set up smth. /smth. up/ to do smth. set up an international organization to maintain peace (to carry out the programme), to guard the world against the atomic bomb, etc.) создать международную организацию для борьбы за мир и т.д.
    4. XI
    1) be set up at some time the camp and the aerodrome were set up later лагерь и аэродром были построены позднее; be set up somewhere the portrait was set up on the stage портрет был установлен на сцене; special seats had to be set up around the sides of the hall по бокам зала пришлось поставить дополнительные стулья /устроить дополнительные места/
    2) be set up on smth. an inscription was set up on the tablet на плите была высечена надпись
    3) be set up with smth. be set up with food (with clothes, with cars, with equipment, etc.) for an expedition быть обеспеченным продовольствием и т.д. на все время экспедиции; I am set up with novels for the winter у меня теперь книг [хватит] на всю зиму
    4) be set up infection (swelling, irritation, etc.) was set up появилась инфекция и т.д.; the doctor has no idea how the condition was first set up врач не имеет представления, что явилось причиной такого состояния
    5) be set up in some manner he is quite set up again он опять на ногах /хорошо себя чувствует/
    5. XVI
    1) set up in smth. set up in trade (in business, in law, etc.) открывать собственное предприятие и т.д.
    2) set up for smb. coll. set up for a man of wit претендовать на остроумие; set up for a scholar (for a profound scientist, for a critic, for a moralist, for a gentleman, for an atheist, etc.) a) считать себя ученым и т.д.; б) выдавать себя за ученого и т.д.; I don't set up for an authority я не претендую на то, чтобы считаться авторитетом
    6. XX1
    set up as smb. set up as a lawyer (as a doctor, as a chemist, etc.) открыть свою юридическую контору и т.д.
    7. XXI1
    1) set up smth. /smth. up/ along (in, on, etc.) smth. set up posts along the street (milestones along a road, machines in their places, telephone booths in the street, etc.) ставить столбы вдоль улицы и т.д.; set up a home in the country (in another city, etc.) создать там и т.д. дом /семью/; set men up on a chess-board расставлять фигуры на шахматной доске; set up smb. /smb. up/ to smth. set up a claimant to the throne возвести претендента на престол, посадить претендента на трон
    2) set up smb. /smb. up/ over smb. set oneself up over one's colleagues (over one's people, etc.) ставить себя выше своих коллег и т.д.; set up smb. /smb. up/ for smb. although he is such an ignorant fellow, he sets himself up for a critic человек он невежественный, а претендует на то, чтобы критиковать других
    3) set up smth., smb. /smth., smb. up/ in smth. set up a shop in a new neighbourhood открыть магазин в новом районе; set up one's office in one of the rooms in the building открыть свою контору в одной из комнат этого здания; he wishes to set himself up in business all for himself ему хочется стать во главе собственного дела; set up an office in the Department of Agriculture сформировать отдел в министерстве земледелия; set up a policy board at high government level сформировать политический комитет на высоком уровне
    4) set up smb. /smb. up/ in smth. set him up in business помочь ему открыть собственное дело; they set their son up in real estate они открыли для своего сына контору по продаже недвижимой собственности; set smb. up in life помочь кому-л. стать на ноги
    5) set up smth. /smth. up/ in /at/ smth. what defence did his lawyer set up at /in/ the trial? как построил его адвокат защиту на суде?
    6) set up smb. /smb. up/ with (in) smth. set him up with books (with clothing, with equipment, with food, etc.) обеспечивать его книгами и т.д.; set him up in funds предоставить ему нужные фонды /деньги/, материально обеспечить его
    7) set up smth. /smth. up/ in (on, etc.) smth. set up an irritation in one's throat (this rash on my face, an itch on the skin, etc.) вызывать раздражение горла и т.д.; I wonder what has set up inflammation on the wound не могу понять, отчего воспалилась рана
    8) set up smth. /smth. up/ in smth. print. set a page (a manuscript, a book, etc.) up in type сделать набор полосы и т.д.
    8. XXIV1
    set smb. up as smb.
    1) set smb. up as a tobacconist помочь кому-л. открыть собственный табачный магазин; set oneself up as a grocer начать торговлю бакалейными товарами
    2) set oneself up as an authority (as an important fellow, as a merchant, as a scholar, etc.) считать себя специалистом /авторитетом/ и т.д. или выдавать себя за специалиста и т.д.

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > set\ up

  • 19 friend

    friend [frend]
    (a) (gen) ami(e) m,f;
    ∎ to make friends se faire des amis;
    ∎ he tried to make friends with her brother il essaya d'être ami avec son frère;
    ∎ she makes friends easily elle se lie facilement, elle est très liante;
    ∎ shall we be friends? on est amis?; (after a quarrel) on fait la paix?;
    ∎ his school friends ses camarades mfpl d'école;
    ∎ Lesley's a good friend of mine Lesley est une grande amie à moi;
    ∎ we're just good friends nous sommes bons amis sans plus;
    ∎ my best friend mon meilleur ami, ma meilleure amie;
    ∎ we're the best of friends nous sommes les meilleurs amis du monde;
    ∎ he's a friend of the family c'est un ami de la famille;
    ∎ he's always been a real friend to us il a toujours été là quand on a eu besoin de lui;
    ∎ she's someone I used to be friends with nous avons été amies;
    ∎ she's no friend of mine elle ne fait pas partie de mes amis;
    ∎ I tell you this as a friend je vous dis ça en ami;
    ∎ she doesn't realize what a good friend you are elle n'apprécie pas votre amitié à sa juste valeur;
    ∎ they wanted to part friends ils voulaient se quitter bons amis;
    ∎ you're among friends here tu es entre amis ici;
    ∎ a friend of yours is a friend of mine tes amis sont mes amis;
    ∎ she has friends in high places elle a des amis en haut lieu ou bien placés;
    ∎ Law friend of the court = personne extérieure à un procès qui peut présenter son point de vue à la Cour;
    ∎ proverb a friend in need is a friend indeed = c'est dans le besoin qu'on reconnaît ses vrais amis;
    ∎ friend or foe? (said by sentry) qui va là?;
    ∎ ironic our old friend the flu virus notre vieil ami, le virus de la grippe
    (b) (supporter → of law and order etc) ami(e) m,f, partisan(e) m,f; (→ of the arts) mécène m, ami(e) m,f;
    ∎ friend of the poor bienfaiteur(trice) m,f des pauvres;
    ∎ she's no friend of trade unionism elle n'est pas favorable au syndicalisme;
    ∎ the Friends of the Tate Gallery les Amis de la Tate Gallery;
    ∎ Religion the (Society of) Friends la Société des Amis, les Quakers
    ∎ my dear friend mon (ma) cher(ère);
    ∎ listen, friend écoute, mon vieux
    (d) (colleague) collègue mf;
    ∎ friends, we are gathered here tonight… chers amis ou collègues, nous sommes réunis ici ce soir…
    ►► Friends of the Earth les Amis de la Terre
    ⓘ How to win friends and influence people Il s'agit du titre d'un ouvrage de l'auteur américain Dale Carnegie publié en 1937, que l'on pourrait traduire par "comment se faire des amis et influencer autrui". On utilise cette formule de manière allusive lorsque quelqu'un vient de dire une grossièreté ou vient de se comporter comme un rustre; on dira alors he won't win friends and influence people that way ("ce n'est pas comme ça qu'il se fera des amis et qu'il influencera autrui"); ou encore lorsque quelqu'un est mené par l'ambition: he's got his eyes set on the top job and is desperately trying to win friends and influence people to help him get there ("il est décidé à devenir patron et il fait tout ce qu'il peut pour se faire des amis et influencer autrui afin d'atteindre son objectif").

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > friend

  • 20 come

    I 1. [kʌm] гл.; прош. вр. came; прич. прош. вр. come
    1) приходить, подходить; идти

    to come back — вернуться, возвратиться

    to come forward — выходить вперёд, выступать

    I think it's time to come back to the most important question: who is to pay for the new building? — Я думаю, пора вернуться к самому важному вопросу - кто оплатит строительство нового здания?

    We'd like to come back next year. — На следующий год мы бы хотели снова приехать сюда.

    He'll never come back to her. — Он никогда к ней не вернётся.

    Just then a bus came by so we got on and rode home. — Мимо как раз проезжал автобус, мы сели и доехали до дома.

    Move aside, please, the firemen want to come by. — Расступитесь, пожалуйста, пожарным нужно пройти.

    Godfather, come and see your boy. — Крёстный отец, подойдите же и посмотрите на своего мальчика.

    Mary came down the stairs. — Мэри спустилась по лестнице.

    The plane came down safely in spite of the mist. — Самолёт благополучно приземлился, несмотря на туман.

    Leave them alone and they'll come home, bringing their tails behind them. — Оставь их в покое и они вернутся с поджатыми хвостами.

    She comes and goes at her will. — Она приходит и уходит, когда ей заблагорассудится.

    A tall man came out from behind the screen. — Из-за перегородки вышел высокий мужчина.

    The family must come together for the parents' silver wedding. — На серебряную свадьбу родителей должна собраться вся семья.

    Syn:
    Ant:
    go 1., leave II
    2)
    а) приезжать, прибывать

    We have come many miles by train. — Мы приехали на поезде издалека.

    Syn:
    б) = come in / through прибывать (о поезде, пароходе)
    Syn:
    Ant:
    leave II
    3) ( come into) = come in входить

    The door opened and the children came into the room. — Открылась дверь, и в комнату вошли дети.

    "Come in!" called the director when he heard the knock at his door. — "Войдите!" - сказал директор, услышав стук в дверь.

    Syn:
    4) = come in поступать ( об информации)

    News of the death of the famous actress began coming in just as we were starting the broadcast. — К началу передачи пришло известие о смерти знаменитой актрисы.

    I haven't a lot of money coming in just now. — У меня сейчас не очень большие доходы.

    Syn:
    Ant:
    5)
    а) доходить, доставать, достигать

    The window came down to the ground. — Окно доходило до земли.

    б) доходить, долетать, доноситься

    A message came down to the boys that they were to be ready. — Мальчикам передали, чтобы они приготовились.

    The wind came off the ocean. — С океана дул ветер.

    A pleasant female voice came over the phone. — В трубке послышался приятный женский голос.

    Syn:
    reach I 2.
    6) = come out at равняться, составлять; простираться (до какого-л. предела, границы)

    The bill comes to 357 pounds. — Счёт составляет 357 фунтов.

    Overall costs come out at 5,709 dollars. — Общие издержки составят 5709 долларов.

    7) ( come to) = come down to сводиться (к чему-л.)

    His speech comes to this: the country is deeply in debt. — Вся его речь сводится к одному: страна увязла в долгах.

    When it all comes down, there isn't much in his story. — По большому счёту, в его истории нет ничего особенного.

    The whole matter comes down to a power struggle between the trade union and the directors. — Всё сводится к противостоянию профсоюза и совета директоров.

    Syn:
    8) приходить в соприкосновение с (чем-л.), вступать в связь с (чем-л.)

    to come into contact with smth. — дотрагиваться до чего-л.

    The carbines will come into play. — В игру вступят карабины.

    The boat came into collision with a steamer. — Лодка столкнулась с пароходом.

    9) переходить в другое состояние, фазу

    to come into blossom / flower — распускаться, раскрываться ( о цветке); зацвести ( о дереве)

    10) ( come to) приступать к (какому-л. делу), обращаться к (какому-л. вопросу)

    Now I come to the question which you asked. — Теперь я перехожу к вопросу, который вы задали.

    11) = come about / along случаться, происходить (с кем-л. / чем-л.)

    come what may — будь, что будет

    to have it coming to one — заслуживать того, что с ним случается ( о человеке)

    I'm sorry he got caught by the police, but after all, he had it coming (to him), didn't he? — Мне очень жаль, что его арестовали, но ведь он сам во всём виноват, не так ли?

    Don't know what will come of the boy if he keeps failing his examinations. — Не знаю, что станет с этим парнем, если он и дальше будет проваливаться на экзаменах.

    Peace can only come about if each side agrees to yield to the other. — Мир настанет только тогда, когда обе стороны пойдут на уступки.

    How did it come about that the man was dismissed? — Как так случилось, что его уволили?

    Trouble comes along when you least expect it. — Неприятности происходят именно тогда, когда их меньше всего ждёшь.

    Take every chance that comes along. — Пользуйся любой предоставляющейся возможностью.

    Syn:
    12) ( come to)
    а) приходить (в какое-л. состояние); достигать (каких-л. результатов)

    A compromise was come to. — Был достигнут компромисс.

    The boy has no character, he will never come to much. — У этого парня слабый характер, он ничего особенного не добьётся в жизни.

    I'm disappointed that my efforts have come to so little. — Я разочарован, что мои усилия принесли так мало результатов.

    б) = come down to опуститься (до чего-л.), докатиться

    He came down to selling matches on street corners. — Он докатился до того, что торгует спичками на улицах.

    13) делаться, становиться

    a dream that came true — мечта, ставшая явью

    14) предстоять, ожидаться

    (which is) to come — грядущий; будущий

    15) появляться, встречаться

    This word comes on page 200. — Это слово встречается на странице 200.

    16) = come up прорастать, всходить

    He sowed turnips, but none of them came. — Он посеял репу, но она не взошла.

    17) груб.; = come off кончить ( испытать оргазм)
    18) получаться, выходить

    He repainted the figure, but it wouldn't come well. — Он заново нарисовал фигуру, но она всё равно не получилась.

    No good could come of it. — Из этого не могло получиться ничего хорошего.

    19) = come in поставляться ( о товарах); поступать в продажу

    The car comes with or without the rear wing. — Машина поставляется в двух модификациях - с задним крылом и без заднего крыла.

    These shoes come with a 30 day guarantee. — Эти туфли продаются с гарантией на один месяц.

    The new crop of tobacco will be coming in soon. — Скоро в продаже появится новый урожай табака.

    As soon as the fresh vegetables come in, we put them on sale. — Как только к нам поступают свежие овощи, мы сразу выставляем их на продажу.

    20) разг.; = come along / on
    а) давай, двигай вперёд

    Come along, children, or we'll be late! — Поторапливайтесь, дети, а то опоздаем!

    Come along, Jane, you can do better than that. — Давай, Джейн, постарайся, ты же можешь сделать лучше.

    б) ври дальше; мели, Емеля, твоя неделя

    Oh, come along! I know better than that! — Кому вы рассказываете! Я лучше знаю.

    в) стой, погоди
    21) come + прич. наст. вр. (начать) делать что-л. ( указанное причастием)

    The fog came pouring in at every chink and keyhole. (Ch. Dickens, Christmas Carol, 1843) — Туман заползал в каждую щель, просачивался в каждую замочную скважину. (пер. Т. Озерской)

    22) come + инф. прийти к чему-л.; дойти до того, чтобы сделать что-л.

    to come to know smb. better — лучше узнать кого-л.

    to come to find out — случайно обнаружить, узнать

    23) = come next / on идти, следовать за (кем-л. / чем-л.)

    I can never remember which king came after which. — Никогда не мог запомнить, какой король шёл за каким.

    Mrs Brown was the first to arrive, and her daughter came next. — Первой приехала миссис Браун, затем - её дочь.

    I'll go ahead, and you come on later. — Сначала пойду я, потом ты.

    The military government refused to allow the people their right to vote, what came next was violence. — Военное правительство отказало людям в праве голосовать, и в результате начались беспорядки.

    My family comes first, and my work comes next. — На первом месте для меня семья, на втором - работа.

    Syn:
    24) ( come after) преследовать кого-л., гнаться за кем-л., искать кого-л., домогаться кого-л.

    I saw a big dog coming after me. — Я увидел, что за мной гонится огромная собака.

    25) ( come at) нападать, набрасываться на кого-л.

    He allegedly came at Jim with a knife. — Как утверждают, он напал на Джима с ножом.

    26) ( come at) получить доступ к чему-л., добраться до кого-л. / чего-л.; найти, обнаружить, установить (правду, причины, факты)

    Put the food where the cat can't come at it. — Положи еду туда, где её не достанет кошка.

    I wanted to reply to your letter in detail, but I can't come at it anywhere. — Я хотел подробно ответить на ваше письмо, но нигде не могу его найти.

    It is always difficult to come at the truth. — Всегда трудно докопаться до истины.

    27) ( come before) предшествовать чему-л.

    Did the invention of the telephone come before the end of the 19th century? — Телефон изобрели ещё до конца девятнадцатого века?

    28) ( come before) превосходить кого-л. рангом; быть более важным, чем что-л.

    Consideration of a fellow worker's health must come before my own professional pride. — Я должен прежде думать о здоровье коллеги и лишь потом о собственной профессиональной гордости.

    29) ( come before) представать (перед судом или какой-л. официальной организацией); рассматриваться ( в суде)

    When you come before the judge, you must speak the exact truth. — Когда ты говоришь в суде, ты должен говорить чистую правду.

    The witness of the accident did not come before the court. — Свидетель этого происшествия не предстал перед судом.

    Your suggestion came before the board of directors yesterday, but I haven't heard the result of their meeting. — Ваше предложение было рассмотрено советом директоров вчера, но я не знаю, каков был результат.

    Syn:
    30) ( come between) вмешиваться в чьи-л. дела, вставать между кем-л.; вызывать отчуждение, разделять

    Never come between husband and wife. — Никогда не вставай между мужем и женой.

    Ten years of separation have come between them. — Их разделяли десять лет разлуки.

    Syn:
    31) ( come between) мешать кому-л. в чём-л.

    I don't like people who come between me and my work. — Я не люблю людей, которые мешают мне работать.

    32) ( come by) доставать, приобретать, находить

    It is not easy to come by a high paying job. — Не так-то просто найти высокооплачиваемую работу.

    Syn:
    33) ( come by) (случайно) получать (царапину, травму)
    Syn:
    34) ( come for) заходить за кем-л. / чем-л.

    I've come for my parcel. — Я пришёл за своей посылкой.

    I'll come for you at 8 o'clock. — Я зайду за тобой в 8 часов.

    35) ( come for) бросаться на кого-л.

    The guard dog came for me. — Сторожевая собака бросилась ко мне.

    36) (come from / of) происходить, иметь происхождение

    These words come from Latin. — Эти слова латинского происхождения.

    I came from a race of fishers. — Я из рыбацкого рода.

    He comes from a long line of singers. — Он происходит из старинного рода певцов.

    A butterfly comes from a chrysalis. — Бабочка появляется из куколки.

    She comes of a good family. — Она происходит из хорошей семьи.

    37) (come from / of) = come out from, come out of проистекать из чего-л., получаться в результате чего-л.; появляться (откуда-л.)

    Danger comes from unexpected places. — Опасность появляется оттуда, откуда не ожидаешь.

    I don't know what will come of your actions. — Не знаю, к чему приведут ваши действия.

    Syn:
    38) = come in
    а) прибывать (на работу, в учреждение), поступать ( в больницу)
    б) ( come into) вступать ( в должность), приступать ( к новым обязанностям)
    39)
    а) ( come to) = come down доставаться, переходить по наследству

    This painting belongs to us. It came through my mother. — Эта картина принадлежит нам. Она досталась мне от матери.

    The house came to me after my father's death. — Этот дом перешёл ко мне после смерти отца.

    This ring has come down in my family for two centuries. — Это кольцо передаётся в нашей семье по наследству уже два века.

    б) ( come into) получать в наследство, наследовать

    Charles came into a fortune when his father died. — Когда отец умер, Чарлз получил состояние.

    Syn:
    40) ( come into) присоединяться, вступать ( в организацию)

    Several new members have come into the club since Christmas. — С Рождества в клуб приняли несколько новых членов.

    41) ( come near) разг. быть на грани чего-л.; чуть не сделать что-л.

    The boy came near (to) falling off the high wall. — Мальчик едва не свалился с высокой стены.

    42) ( come on) снять трубку, ответить ( по телефону)

    One of the most powerful men in France came on the line. — В трубке раздался голос одного из самых влиятельных людей во Франции.

    43) (come over / (up)on) охватывать (кого-л.)

    Fear came upon him as he entered the empty house. — Когда он зашёл в пустой дом, его охватил страх.

    44) ( come through) проникать, просачиваться; пролезать, просовываться

    The first light came through the open window. — Первые лучи солнца проникли через открытое окно.

    45) ( come through) перенести, пережить (что-л. неприятное или тяжёлое); пройти через что-л.

    Bill came through his operation as cheerful as ever. — Билл перенёс операцию как обычно бодро.

    All my family came through the war. — Вся моя семья пережила войну.

    46) ( come through) = come out появляться (из-за туч; о солнце, луне, лучах)

    The sun came through the clouds for a while. — Солнце ненадолго выглянуло из-за туч.

    There was a wisp of sun coming through the mist. — Сквозь туман пробивался солнечный луч.

    47) (come across / to) приходить на ум; становиться известным (кому-л.)

    to come to smb.'s attention / notice — доходить до кого-л., становиться известным кому-л.

    It came to my knowledge that... — Я узнал, что…

    After ruminating about it for a period of time, suddenly it came to me how it could be done. — После долгих размышлений меня осенило, как можно это сделать.

    The thought came across my mind that I had met him before. — Тут мне показалось, что я видел его раньше.

    48) ( come under) подчиняться, находиться в ведении (какой-л. организации)

    This area comes under the powers of the local court. — Эта сфера подпадает под юрисдикцию местного суда.

    49) (come under / within) относиться (к чему-л.), попадать (в какой-л. раздел, категорию)

    all the paperwork that comes under the general heading of insurance — вся канцелярская работа, связанная со страхованием

    50) ( come under) подвергаться (нападению, критике, давлению)

    The town came under attack again last night. — Прошлой ночью на город снова напали.

    He came unber biting criticism at the last meeting. — На последнем собрании он подвергся жестокой критике.

    51) (come across / upon) натолкнуться на (что-л.), неожиданно найти (что-л.), случайно встретить (кого-л.)

    I came across this old photograph in the back of the drawer. — Я случайно обнаружил эту старую фотографию на дне секретера.

    A very interesting book has come across my desk. — На моём столе случайно оказалась очень интересная книга.

    Syn:
    а) нападать, атаковать

    The enemy came upon the town by night. — Враг атаковал город ночью.

    б) налетать, обрушиваться (на кого-л. / что-л.)

    The wind with lightening and thunder came on them. — На них налетел ветер с громом и молнией.

    •
    ••

    light come light go — что досталось легко, быстро исчезает

    Come again? — разг. Что ты сказал?

    to come into being / existence — возникать

    to come into season — созревать, появляться в продаже

    to come into service / use — входить в употребление

    to come into sight / view — появляться, показываться

    to come to oneself — прийти в себя; взять себя в руки

    to come to a dead end — разг. зайти в тупик

    to come to one's feet — вскочить, подняться

    not to know whether / if one is coming or going — растеряться, чувствовать себя потерянным; не знать, на каком ты свете

    I'm so upset I don't know whether I'm coming or going. — Я так расстроен, что уж и не знаю, что делать.

    - come close
    - come easy
    - come natural
    - come it too strong
    - come of age
    - come one's ways
    - come one's way
    - come clean
    - come short of smth.
    - come home
    - come to a head
    - come to hand
    - come day go day     2. [kʌm] предл.; разг.
    с наступлением, с приходом ( момента)

    ... but come summer, the beaches would be lined with rows of tents. —... но когда наступит лето, на пляжах появится множество навесов.

    II [kʌm] = cum II

    Англо-русский современный словарь > come

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